Download practice test mod 19

1. Anything in the environment that one can respond to is a:
A) reinforcer.
B) response.
C) discriminator.
D) stimulus.
2. The type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it reliably
predicts another stimulus is called:
A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) cognitive learning.
3. Simon walked outside on a cold, windy day. The wind made his eyes blink. The wind is a:
A) response.
B) stimulus.
C) reinforcement.
D) discriminator.
4. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
A) clapping after a thrilling concert performance
B) jumping rope
C) running through a maze to get a food reward
D) sweating in hot weather
5. Stan touched the hot burner on the stove. It burned him and he cried out. The next day when he
just saw the red burner, he cried out. The sight of the hot burner is:
A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.
6. While driving along and listening to her favorite song on the radio, Carla was hit from behind.
Of course, the accident made her feel anxious. Now, whenever she hears that song, she feels
anxious. The song is:
A) an unconditioned stimulus.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) a conditioned response.
7. In classical conditioning a ________ stimulus becomes a ________ stimulus.
A) conditioned; unconditioned
B) neutral; conditioned
C) conditioned; neutral
D) unconditioned; conditioned
8. You're watching a commercial in which your favorite musician is selling a new brand of cat
food. The advertiser intends ________ to serve as a conditioned stimulus.
A) the new brand of cat food
B) the response of liking the musician
C) your favorite musician
D) your response of buying the cat food
9. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly
presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n):
A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
10. Every time Evan took the leash out of the closet Fido would get excited. Apparently Fido had
learned to associate the sight of the leash with a walk, and that naturally made him excited. Evan
stopped taking Fido for a walk when he took the leash out. Eventually, Fido stopped getting
excited at the sight of the leash. Evan took a vacation and left Fido at the kennels. When he
returned home with Fido, he took the leash out of the closet and Fido got excited. What is
probably true about Fido's excitement?
A) It is stronger than ever.
B) It is not as strong as it originally was.
C) It will last a very long time, even if he doesn't go for a walk.
D) It is equal to the original excitement.
11. In Ivan Pavlov's demonstration of classical conditioning, what was the UCR?
A) meat powder
B) tuning fork
C) salivation to the meat powder
D) salivation to the sound of the tuning fork
12. In Ivan Pavlov's demonstration of classical conditioning, what was salivation to the tuning fork?
A) UCS
B) UCR
C) CS
D) CR
13. Could Pavlov have conditioned the dog to salivate to the smell of roses?
A) Yes, any neutral stimulus could be paired with a UCS.
B) No, only sounds can serve as a CS with dogs.
C) Yes, smell and taste go together.
D) No, smell and taste are totally different senses.
14. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):
A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
15. Angela's boyfriend broke up with her during the fireworks display on the fourth of July while
the “Star Spangled Banner” was played. Now, every time she hears the “Star Spangled Banner”
she feels weepy and sad. What is the conditioned stimulus?
A) feeling weepy and sad when her boyfriend broke up with her
B) feeling weepy and sad when the “Star Spangled Banner” plays
C) the “Star Spangled Banner”
D) her boyfriend breaking up with her
16. The type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior determine the frequency with
which that behavior occurs is:
A) classical conditioning.
B) latent learning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) insight learning.
17. In operant conditioning, the ________ of a behavior determine the likelihood of that behavior
being repeated.
A) elements
B) prerequisites
C) consequences
D) meaning
18. Operant conditioning is:
A) a type of learning in which the frequency of responding depends on consequences.
B) a way to describe certain thoughts or cognitions about operations, like problem solving.
C) conditioning that involves pairing unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.
D) learning by observing the operations of other people.
19. When Simon wore the blue flowered shirt that his aunt had given him, the other students
laughed and made fun of him. The ________ of his wardrobe selection ________ the likelihood
that he will wear that shirt again.
A) consequences; decrease
B) consequences; increase
C) color; decrease
D) source; decrease
20. In what way is positive reinforcement different than negative reinforcement?
A) Both are types of rewards, but negative reinforcement refers to rewards that an organism
doesn't like.
B) Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus, and negative reinforcement involves
taking a stimulus away.
C) Positive reinforcement is like a reward and negative reinforcement is like a punishment.
D) Positive reinforcement is used with humans and negative reinforcement is used with
animals.
21. Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior is called:
A) punishment.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) reinforcement.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.
22. Sandra and Neil are new parents. When they put the baby to bed each night the baby cries and
cries. Finally the parents can't stand it any more so they pick her up and walk her. The baby is
quiet while being held. Are the parents likely to continue to pick up the baby when she cries?
A) No, they will get tired of it eventually.
B) Yes, they have been negatively reinforced for that behavior.
C) No, they have been punished by the crying.
D) Yes, they have been positively reinforced for that behavior.
23. Why is punishment used so often?
A) It the most effective way to control behavior.
B) Since it leads to temporary suppression of behavior, it is reinforced.
C) It settles the “Who's boss” question.
D) Reinforcement of incompatible behavior seldom works.
24. The Bobo doll experiments in which children saw an adult hit a Bobo doll and then imitated the
violence demonstrated the existence of what type of learning?
A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) the practice effect
25. Three-year-old Alesha sees her father hit the cat after the cat scratches the sofa. The next day,
Alesha hits the cat. Alesha's actions are an example of:
A) classical conditioning.
B) latent learning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.
26. Bandura and others have demonstrated in their research that:
A) TV programming has little to no effect on attitudes toward violence.
B) we learn aggression from what we observe.
C) children's exposure to violence on TV is actually limited.
D) aggressive role models do not affect the behavior of small children.
27. The three steps of the information processing model are:
A) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B) information, interpretation, and extraction.
C) input, storage, and output.
D) remembering, recalling, and recognizing.
28. The process of encoding refers to:
A) getting information into memory.
B) the motivated forgetting of painful memories.
C) the persistence of learning over time.
D) the recall of information previously learned.
29. Learning new vocabulary words by relating them to words with similar meanings utilizes which
type of encoding?
A) acoustic
B) automatic
C) semantic
D) sensory
30. Your friend sends you to the store to buy milk, chips, carrots, peanut butter, apples, string beans,
cereal, and grape jelly. Because of the serial position effect, you are most likely to remember
which two items from the list?
A) chips and carrots
B) milk and grape jelly
C) peanut butter and string beans
D) cereal and apples
31. About how long is auditory information held in the echoic store portion of sensory memory?
A) .2-.5 seconds
B) 3-4 seconds
C) 1-2 minutes
D) 2-3 hours
32. The part of our memory system we are consciously aware of is called:
A) conscious memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) short-term or working memory.
33. “The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________
memory.
A) explicit
B) implicit
C) sensory
D) short-term
34. Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity?
A) echoic memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) state-dependent memory
35. The three-stage processing model suggests that we register information in ________ memory
before it is ________ into short-term memory.
A) long-term; encoded
B) long-term; retrieved
C) sensory; encoded
D) sensory; retrieved
36. A friend challenges you to memorize a list of 40 numbers. About how many numbers are you
likely to retrieve after only studying the list for a few moments?
A) 1-4 numbers
B) 5-9 numbers
C) 11-15 numbers
D) 20-24 numbers
37. Which of the following is one important difference between long-term memories and
information held in the hard drive of a computer?
A) Long-term memories can be accessed quickly.
B) Information held in a hard drive is stored through an electrical process.
C) The capacity of long-term memory seems to be unlimited.
D) Computer hard drives can encode a wide variety of information.
38. Most forgetting probably occurs because of which of the following?
A) brain deterioration because of age
B) long-term potentiation
C) encoding failure
D) repression
39. The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone
mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely
caused by:
A) encoding failure.
B) repression.
C) retrieval failure.
D) storage failure.
Answer Key
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B
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C