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Reactions Chemical Reactions • Chemical reaction – a process in which bonds of compounds are broken and reformed into different compounds • Molecules are rearranged during reactions, but composition stays the same • There are the same number of atoms in the products as there are in the reactants • Reactant – the starting material in a chemical reaction • Product – the compounds that result from a chemical reaction • Coefficient – the number in front of each molecule in a chemical equation that tells how many of each molecule is present Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together and a molecule of water is removed • Hydrogen from one reacts with hydroxyl (-OH) of another • Water molecule is removed • Creates polymers present in macromolecules • Monosaccharides à Polysaccharides • Amino Acids à Proteins • Fatty Acids à Lipids • Hydrolysis – a chemical reaction in which the bonds between two molecules are broken by adding a molecule of water Biology 2.3 – Reactions Reactions Enzymes • Reactions can occur at varying rates • Catalyst – a substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction • Enzyme – a specialized protein that catalyzes biological reactions • Usually end with the suffix “-ase” and its name comes from the substrate • Have optimal temperatures and pH to maintain normal functioning • Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction • Activation energy – the minimum amount of energy needed to cause a chemical reaction to occur • Without enzymes, reactions would proceed too slowly Enzyme Models • Substrate – the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction • Active site – the area of the enzyme where the substrate binds • Two ideas on how enzymes attach to substrates: • Lock-and-key • Induced fit – the slight change of shape of an enzyme after the substrate binds to it • Substrates enter • Induced fit around the substrate • Lowers activation energy • Products are released/enzyme returns to normal shape • Enzyme can be reused Biology 2.3 – Reactions