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8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
1. What are the rock name and map symbol used to
represent the sedimentary rock that has a grain size of
0.006 to 0.2 centimeters?
A)
2. The map below shows the area that, at one time, was
covered by ancient Lake Bonneville. Evidence of
ancient shorelines indicates that, near the end of the
last ice age, Lake Bonneville existed in western Utah
and eastern Nevada. The Great Salt Lake in Utah is a
remnant of the former Lake Bonneville.
B)
C)
D)
Which material that was formerly on the bottom of
Lake Bonneville is most likely exposed on the land
surface today?
A)
B)
C)
D)
folded metamorphic bedrock
flat-lying evaporite deposits
coarse-grained coal beds
fine-grained layers of volcanic lava
3. Which mineral precipitates from oceans and forms
rock salt?
A) quartz
C) halite
B) fluorite
D) olivine
4. Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particles
are classified as
A)
B)
C)
D)
extrusive igneous
intrusive igneous
clastic sedimentary
chemical sedimentary
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
5. A student classified the rock below as sedimentary.
Which observation about the rock best supports this
classification?
A)
B)
C)
D)
The rock is composed of several minerals.
The rock has a vesicular texture.
The rock contains fragments of other rocks.
The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles.
6. Soil that contains large quantities of calcium was
most likely formed by the weathering of
A) rock salt
C) coal
B) quartzite
D) limestone
7. Most sandstone bedrock is composed of sediment that
was
A)
B)
C)
D)
sorted by size and not layered
sorted by size and layered
unsorted and not layered
unsorted and layered
8. Which process led to the formation of thick salt
deposits found in the bedrock at some locations in
New York State?
A) melting
C) condensation
B) runoff
D) evaporation
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
9. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which represent two bedrock
outcrops 15 kilometers apart. The rock layers have been numbered for identification and some contain
the index fossil remains shown.
When these rocks were deposited as sediments, this area was most likely
A) under the ocean
C) repeatedly covered by lava flows
B) a desert between high mountains
D) glaciated several times
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 10 through 12 on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A
through F.
10. Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture?
A)
B)
C)
D)
11. Which two rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals?
A) rock salt and conglomerate
C) sandstone and shale
B) rock salt and breccia
D) sandstone and limestone
12. Most of the rocks shown were formed by
A) volcanic eruptions and crystallization
C) heat and pressure
B) compaction and/or cementation
D) melting and/or solidification
13. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach.
A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and
allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the
saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
forming a material that is most similar in origin to
A)
B)
C)
D)
an extrusive igneous rock
an intrusive igneous rock
a clastic sedimentary rock
a foliated metamorphic rock
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
14. The diagram below shows a drill core of sediment
that was taken from the bottom of a lake.
Which types of rock would most likely form from
compaction and cementation of these sediments?
A)
B)
C)
D)
sandstone and limestone
shale and coal
breccia and rock salt
conglomerate and siltstone
15. Which type of rock most likely contains fossils?
A) scoria
C) schist
B) gabbro
D) shale
Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the cross section below, which shows a typical bedrock
structure where oil and natural gas deposits are found.
16. According to the diagram, in which type of rock are these natural gas and oil deposits found?
A) coarse-textured igneous rock
C) porous clastic sedimentary rock
B) foliated metamorphic rock
D) intrusive crystalline sedimentary rock
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
17. The natural gas, oil, and saltwater have formed layers at different levels in the same rock layer due to
the
A)
B)
C)
D)
principle of superposition
principle of original horizontality
differences in the density of the three materials
differences in the geologic age of the three materials
18. The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specific
areas A, B, C, and D by a stream entering an ocean.
As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become
siltstone?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
19. Base your answer to the following question on
the cross sections below, which show widely separated outcrops at locations X, Y, and Z.
Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less than
0.0004 centimeter in diameter?
A) red sandstone
B) green shale
C) brown siltstone D) conglomerate
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
20. Which type of rock is most likely to contain fossils?
A) granite
C) shale
B) gneiss
D) metaconglomerate
21. Particles of sediment collected from a lake bottom
averaged 1.2 centimeters in diameter. If left on the
lake bottom to become buried by more sediment and
compressed into rock, these particles would form
A) sandstone
C) quartzite
B) conglomerate
D) granite
Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the diagram below, which represents a cross section of
rock layers that have not been overturned.
22. The breccia layer is composed mostly of
A) cemented, rounded rock fragments
C) intergrown, fine-textured crystals
B) cemented, angular rock fragments
D) microscopic shells
23. Within which rock type would a fossil most likely be found?
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
24. Base your answer to the following question on the
diagram below, which represents a rock sample
containing fossilized Coelophysis footprints.
28. Base your answer to the following question on
the rock sample shown below.
The siltstone layer containing the dinosaur footprints
was turned into rock by
A)
B)
C)
D)
folding and faulting
burial and cementation
weathering and erosion
deformation and melting
25. A rock is composed of several large, rounded
pebbles and sand grains cemented together. Which
inference about the rock is best supported by this
description?
A)
B)
C)
D)
The rock is older than the pebbles.
The rock is igneous.
The rock is sedimentary.
The rock resulted from evaporation of sea
water.
26. A stream slows to a velocity of 300 centimeters per
second. Which type of sedimentary rock would most
likely form from the deposition occurring at this
location?
A) shale
C) sandstone
B) siltstone
D) conglomerate
27. Which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist of
particles that have diameters smaller than 0.006
centimeter?
A)
B)
C)
D)
conglomerate and sandstone
siltstone and shale
bituminous coal and breccia
fossil limestone and chemical limestone
The rounded pebbles of this rock have been
cemented together to form
A)
B)
C)
D)
granite, an igneous rock
conglomerate, a sedimentary rock
siltstone, a sedimentary rock
Weiss, a metamorphic rock
29. Which rock is made up of angular fragments of rock
held together by a natural cement?
A) breccia
C) granite
B) scoria
D) quartzite
30. Which sedimentary rock would be formed by the
compaction and cementation of particles 1.5
centimeters in diameter?
A) shale
C) conglomerate
B) sandstone
D) siltstone
31. Which sedimentary rock is formed by the
compaction and cementation of sorted sediments
0.05 centimeter in diameter?
A) shale
C) sandstone
B) siltstone
D) conglomerate
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
32. The diagram below shows a sedimentary rock drawn
actual size.
37. The diagram below shows actual sizes and shapes of
particles removed from a clastic sedimentary rock.
The sediments are from
This rock is classified as having a
A)
B)
C)
D)
elastic texture consisting of sand-size particles
clastic texture consisting of mixed grain sizes
nonclastic texture with mixed grain sizes
nonclastic texture with coarse-grained particles
33. Which statement about the formation of a rock is
best supported by geologic evidence?
A) Magma must be weathered before it can change
to metamorphic rock.
B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented
before it can change to sedimentary rock.
C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can
change to metamorphic rock.
D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can
change to sedimentary rock.
34. Which symbol represents the sedimentary rock with
the smallest grain size?
A)
B)
C)
D)
35. Which sedimentary rock is formed by compaction
and cementation of land-derived sediments?
A) siltstone
C) rock salt
B) dolostone
D) rock gypsum
36. Which bedrock would be most likely to contain
fossils?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Precambrian granite
Cambrian shale
Pleistocene basalt
Middle-Proterozoic quartzite
A)
B)
C)
D)
chemical limestone
conglomerate
granite
sandstone
38. Which land-derived sedimentary rock could have
formed by the compaction and cementation of
particles smaller than 0.0003 centimeter in diameter?
A) shale
C) sandstone
B) siltstone
D) limestone
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the
diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of
an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff
of sedimentary rock layers. The rock layers are
labeled A through I. Line XY represents a gap in the
geologic record (an unconformity).
43. Which group lists rocks in order by grain size from
smallest to largest?
A)
B)
C)
D)
conglomerate, sandstone, shale
sandstone, shale, conglomerate
shale, sandstone, conglomerate
shale, conglomerate, sandstone
44. Which type of rock is likely to show ripple marks
and fossils?
A) intrusive igneous
C) metamorphic
B) extrusive igneous
D) sedimentary
Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on the
diagram below.
39. Rock layer H was most likely formed as a result of
A)
B)
C)
D)
cooling of melted rock material
compaction and cementation of sediments
heat and pressure from overlying rock layers
recrystallization of minerals due to crustal
uplift
40. If rock layer G contained angular fragments instead
of rounded fragments, it would be classified as a
A)
B)
C)
D)
breccia
gneiss
siltstone
chemical limestone
41. Which processes most often cause fossil evidence to
be preserved in rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
weathering and erosion
melting and faulting
deposition and cementation
folding and metamorphism
42. Which feature is characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
A) layering
B) foliation
C) distorted structure D) glassy texture
45. Which two processes formed this rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
folding and faulting
melting and solidification
compaction and cementation
heating and application of pressure
46. Which sedimentary rock is shown in the diagram?
A) conglomerate
C) siltstone
B) sandstone
D) shale
47. Which kind of bedrock would most likely contain
fossils?
A) a high-grade metamorphic rock layer made
from mixed igneous and sedimentary layers
B) a series of alternating layers of shale and
sandstone
C) a basalt lava flow from an ancient volcano
D) a mass of granite in the core of a mountain
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
48. Which sequence of events occurs in the formation of
a sedimentary rock?
A)
A) sandstone
C) gabbro
B)
D)
49. The dot below is a true scale drawing of the smallest
particle found in a sample of cemented sedimentary
rock.
What is this sedimentary rock?
B) sandstone
D) shale
50. Which rock was most likely formed from pebble
sized sediment deposited in shallow water at an
ocean shoreline?
A) shale
C) siltstone
B) dolostone
D) granite
53. Which characteristic determines whether a rock is
classified as a shale, a siltstone, a sandstone, or a
conglomerate?
C)
A) conglomerate
C) siltstone
52. A rock that forms directly from land-derived
sediments is
B) basalt
D) conglomerate
51. The diagram below represents a conglomerate rock.
Some of the rock particles are labeled.
A) the absolute age of the sediments within the
rock
B) the mineral composition of the sediments
within the rock
C) the particle size of the sediments within the
rock
D) the density of the sediments within the rock
54. Which property best describes a rock which has
formed from sediments?
A)
B)
C)
D)
crystalline structure
distorted structure
banding or zoning of minerals
fragmental particles arranged in layers
55. Which sedimentary rock would be composed of
particles ranging in size from 0.0004 centimeter to
0.006 centimeter?
A) conglomerate
C) siltstone
B) dolostone
D) shale
56. Which characteristic would best indicate that a rock
was formed from sediments deposited in shallow
water near shore rather than in deep water?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which conclusion is best made about the rock
particles?
A) They are the same age.
B) They originated from a larger mass of igneous
rock.
C) They all contain the same minerals.
D) They have different origins.
hardness
a dark color
a large grain size
a large amount of cement
57. Brachiopod fossils were found in a layer of
limestone rock. In which type of environment did
the limestone layer form?
A) shallow marine
C) coastal plain
B) tropical forest
D) interior grassland
58. Which rock is sedimentary in origin and formed as a
result of chemical processes?
A) granite
C) breccia
B) shale
D) dolostone
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
59. Dolostone is classified as which type of rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
land-derived sedimentary rock
chemically formed sedimentary rock
foliated metamorphic rock
nonfoliated metamorphic rock
60. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below, which show changes in the
distribution of land and water in the Mediterranean Sea region that scientists believe took place over a
period of 6 million years.
Which type of rock was precipitated from seawater as the Mediterranean Sea evaporated between
million years ago and 5.5 million years ago?
A) rock salt
C) sandstone
B) basalt
D) metaconglomerate
61. Which process most likely formed a layer of the
sedimentary rock, gypsum?
A)
B)
C)
D)
precipitation from seawater
solidification of magma
folding of clay-sized particles
melting of sand-sized particles
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas on
the map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock formed
from the evaporation of seawater) under the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the generalized
structure of the area in which the evaporite layers are found in New York State.
62. The surface rocks overlying these evaporite rock layers are most likely which type of rock?
A) sedimentary
C) regional metamorphic
B) plutonic igneous
D) contact metamorphic
63. Each of these evaporite rocks is normally formed by
A) chemical processes
C) decreased heat and pressure
B) cooling of lava
D) melting of magma
64. Large deposits of rock gypsum and rock salt usually
form in areas of
A)
B)
C)
D)
active volcanoes
continental ice sheets
fault zones in the crust
shallow evaporating seas
65. Which type of rock is represented by the map
symbol below?
A) clastic sedimentary rock formed from organic
substances
B) chemically formed sedimentary rock that
consists mainly of the mineral calcite
C) regional metamorphic rock with block like
foliation
D) contact metamorphic rock that results from the
alteration of limestone by contact with an
igneous intrusion
66. The chemical precipitation of dissolved minerals
from ocean water results in the formation of
A)
B)
C)
D)
sedimentary rock
metamorphic rock
fine-grained igneous rock
coarse-grained igneous rock
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
67. The diagram below represents a geologic cross
section of a location in Texas where an oil well has
been drilled into the bedrock.
69. The map below shows certain mineral deposits in the
surface bedrock in areas of the United States.
Oil, water, and natural gas can collect and stay in the
sandstone layer because sandstone often
A) has a grain size ranging from fine to coarse
(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
B) is composed mainly of grains of quartz
C) contains air spaces, making it porous and
permeable
D) metamorphoses to quartzite
68. Which process could lead most directly to the
formation of a sedimentary rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
metamorphism of unmelted material
slow solidification of molten material
sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge
precipitation of minerals from evaporating
water
What do each of these areas of mineral deposits have
in common?
A)
B)
C)
D)
They are active fault zones of the Earth's crust.
They were once covered by evaporating seas.
They presently have hot, dry climates.
They are sites of active volcanoes.
70. Limestone can form as a result of
A)
B)
C)
D)
cooling of molten rock under the oceans
metamorphosis of conglomerate rock
precipitation from evaporating water
radioactive decay of dolostone
71. Which sedimentary rocks are formed by chemical
precipitation from seawater?
A)
B)
C)
D)
gypsum and limestone
fossil limestone and shale
sandstone and siltstone
conglomerate and dolostone
72. Which rock is formed by precipitation from
evaporating water?
A) granite
C) shale
B) sandstone
D) salt
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
73. Limestone, gypsum, and salt are rocks formed by the
processes of
A)
B)
C)
D)
melting and solidification
evaporation and precipitation
erosion and deposition
weathering and metamorphism
74. Large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse area indicate
that the area once had
A)
B)
C)
D)
large forests
a range of volcanic mountains
many terrestrial animals
a warm, shallow sea
75. Dolostone is formed by the
A)
B)
C)
D)
local metamorphism of marble
biological deposition of skeletons and shells
chemical replacement of limestone
mechanical deposition of silts
76. Which sedimentary rock could form as a result of
evaporation?
A) conglomerate
C) shale
B) sandstone
D) limestone
Base your answers to questions 77 and 78 on the diagram below, which represents a rock composed
of cemented pebbles and sand.
77. Which change would most likely occur if this rock became buried deep within Earth's crust and was
subjected to intense heat and pressure, but did not melt?
A)
B)
C)
D)
The density of the pebbles and sand would decrease.
The rock would become a plutonic rock composed mostly of quartz.
The rock would become more felsic with a higher concentration of magnesium.
The pebbles would become distorted and the sand would be recrystallized.
78. This rock should be classified as
A) an intrusive igneous rock
C) a bioclastic sedimentary rock
B) an extrusive igneous rock
D) a clastic sedimentary rock
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
79. Most of the sediment that is compacted and later
forms shale bedrock is
A) clay
C) sand
B) silt
D) pebbles
80. The geologic cross section below shows several rock units of Earth's crust. Some rock units are
labeled A through E.
Which two rock units formed from sediments deposited in horizontal layers?
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) D and E
81. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a specific rock.
Which rock is formed as a result of these three stages?
A) limestone
B) gneiss
C) schist
82. Which two processes lead directly to the formation
of both breccia and conglomerate?
A)
B)
C)
D)
melting and solidification
heat and pressure
compaction and cementation
evaporation and precipitation
D) coal
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
83. The diagram below shows some features in a cave.
Which type of rock was chemically weathered by acidic groundwater to produce the cave and its
features?
A) siltstone
B) basalt
C) quartzite
84. The presence of brachiopod, nautiloid, and coral
fossils in the surface bedrock of a certain area
indicates the area was once covered by
A) tropical vegetation B) glacial deposits
C) volcanic ash
D) ocean water
85. Which rock was organically formed and sometimes
contains fossilized plant impressions?
A) rock gypsum
C) breccia
B) phyllite
D) coal
D) limestone
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
86. The fossil below was found in surface bedrock in the
eastern United States.
Which statement best describes the formation of the
rock containing this fossil?
A) The rock was formed by the metamorphism of
sedimentary rock deposited in a terrestrial
environment during the Cretaceous Period.
B) The rock was formed by the compaction and
cementation of sediments deposited in a
terrestrial environment during the Triassic
Period.
C) The rock was formed by the compaction and
cementation of sediments deposited in a
marine environment during the Cambrian
Period.
D) The rock was formed from the solidification of
magma in a marine environment during the
Triassic Period.
87. Which phrase best describes coal?
A)
B)
C)
D)
low density, mafic
chemical precipitate
organic plant remains
glassy texture, volcanic
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
88. The sequence of diagrams below represents the gradual geologic changes in layer X, located just
below Earth's surface.
Which type of sedimentary rock was formed at layer X?
A) conglomerate
B) shale
C) rock salt
89. The diagram below represents the fossils found in a
bedrock formation located in central Rhode Island.
D) coal
90. Which map symbol is used to represent an
organically formed sedimentary rock composed
mostly of carbon?
A)
B)
C)
D)
91. Fossils would most likely be found in a sample of
A) limestone
C) quartzite
In which type of rock were the fossils most likely
found?
A) sedimentary rock that formed in an ocean
environment
B) sedimentary rock that formed in a land
environment
C) igneous rock that formed in an ocean
environment
D) igneous rock that formed in a land environment
B) granite
D) metaconglomerate
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
92. Base your answer to the following question on the
index fossil below, which was found in surface
bedrock in Connecticut.
The surface bedrock in which this index fossil was
found is most likely composed of
A) basalt
C) limestone
98. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as
a result of
A)
B)
C)
D)
melting
recrystallization
metamorphism
biologic processes
99. The photograph below shows an igneous rock with
mineral crystals ranging in size from 2 to 6
millimeters. The rock is composed of 58%
plagioclase feldspar, 26% amphibole, and 16%
biotite.
B) granite
D) anthracite coal
93. Which sedimentary rock may form as a result of
biologic processes?
A) shale
C) fossil limestone
B) siltstone
D) breccia
94. Which rock most likely formed as a result of
biologic processes?
A) granite
C) sandstone
B) basalt
D) limestone
95. Which rock type most often contains fossils?
A) gabbro
C) limestone
B) quartzite
D) metaconglomerate
96. Sedimentary rocks of organic origin would most
likely be formed from
A)
B)
C)
D)
sediments eroded by running water
materials deposited by glaciers
shells of marine animals
particles removed from
the atmosphere by precipitation
97. Which sedimentary rock formed from the
compaction and cementation of fragments of the
skeletons and shells of sea organisms?
A) shale
C) limestone
B) gypsum
D) conglomerate
What is the name of this rock?
A) diorite
C) andesite
B) gabbro
D) pumice
100. Which processes lead directly to the formation of
igneous rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
weathering and erosion
compaction and cementation
heat and pressure
melting and solidification
101. Which texture best describes an igneous rock that
formed deep underground?
A) glassy
C) fine grained
B) vesicular
D) coarse grained
102. Mineral crystals of quartz, biotite mica, and
amphibole are produced primarily by the
A)
B)
C)
D)
chemical reaction of elements in seawater
cooling and solidification of magma
deposition of sediments by a glacier
metamorphism of bituminous coal
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
103. What is the color and type of rock that forms
oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges?
A)
B)
C)
D)
light colored and igneous
light colored and sedimentary
dark colored and igneous
dark colored and sedimentary
104. Obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed
A)
B)
C)
D)
slowly, deep below Earth's surface
slowly, on Earth's surface
quickly, deep below Earth's surface
quickly, on Earth's surface
105. The flowchart below illustrates the change from
melted rock to basalt.
The solidification of the melted rock occurred
A)
B)
C)
D)
slowly, resulting in fine-grained minerals
slowly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals
rapidly, resulting in coarse-grained minerals
rapidly, resulting in fine-grained minerals
106. Which graph best represents the relative densities of three different types of igneous rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
107. Which igneous rock is dark colored, cooled rapidly
on Earth's surface, and is composed mainly of
plagioclase feldspar, olivine, and pyroxene?
A) obsidian
C) gabbro
B) rhyolite
D) scoria
108. Base your answer to the following question on
on the data table below, which shows information about the four largest asteroids found in our solar
system.
The surface rocks of Vesta contain significant amounts of the mineral pyroxene. If rocks on Vesta
are similar to rocks on Earth, which two igneous rocks would most likely be found on the surface of
Vesta?
A) basalt and scoria
C) peridotite and pumice
B) dunite and granite
D) rhyolite and pegmatite
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
109. Base your answer to the following question on
on the photographs and news article below.
Old Man's Loss Felt in New Hampshire
FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to
mourn the loss of New Hampshire's well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountain granite
profile.
The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its
1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds
had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse
Saturday morning.
The famous mountain's history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a
40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man's face, and it eventually became New Hampshire's
most recognizable symbol.
The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003
The granite bedrock formed when
A) sediments were buried
C) magma cooled underground
B) a volcano erupted
D) limestone recrystallized
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
110. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below. The map shows the
generalized landscape regions of Vermont.
Landscape Regions of Vermont
Most of Vermont's landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that were covered
by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand, cobbles, and boulders were
deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six landscape regions.
(1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain moderating its
temperature.
(2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400 million years
ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known for its deposits of talc and
asbestos.
(3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are commonly mined
in this region.
(4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most of the
bedrock in the region is limestone and marble.
(5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region consists of rolling
hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry.
(6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite bedrock.
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Which processes formed the granite that is mined in Vermont?
A)
B)
C)
D)
compaction and cementation of sediments
cooling and solidification of magma
uplift and weathering of bedrock
application of heat and pressure to shale
Base your answers to questions 111 and 112 on the block diagram below, which shows a portion of
Eath's crust. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate sedimentary layers.
111. Which processes produced rock layer B?
A) subduction and melting
C) heat and pressure
B) uplift and solidification
D) compaction and cementation
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112. The igneous rock is mostly composed of potassium feldspar and quartz crystals that have an average
grain size of 3 millimeters. The igneous rock is most likely
A) granite
B) pegmatite
C) gabbro
113. The photograph below shows an igneous rock.
What is the origin and rate of formation of this
rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
plutonic with slow cooling
plutonic with rapid cooling
volcanic with slow cooling
volcanic with rapid cooling
114. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and
contains the minerals potassium feldspar and
quartz?
A) andesite
C) pumice
B) pegmatite
D) scoria
115. What is the origin of fine-grained igneous rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
lava that cooled slowly on Earth’s surface
lava that cooled quickly on Earth’s surface
silt that settled slowly in ocean water
silt that settled quickly in ocean water
D) pumice
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116. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The black triangle represents Mt.
Hekla, a volcano in Iceland. The isolines represent the thickness of ash, in centimeters, that settled
on Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption of Mt. Hekla on March 29, 1947. Point X is a location on
the surface of the ash.
In addition to the ash, solid rock formed on Mt. Hekla from the lava extruded during this eruption.
This rock is most likely
A) light-colored metamorphic
C) fine-grained igneous
B) dark-colored metamorphic
D) coarse-grained igneous
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 117 and 118 on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used as
gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest).
117. Sapphire is a gemstone variety of which mineral on Moh's scale of hardness?
A) corundum
B) diamond
C) fluorite
D) topaz
118. Part of a gemstone's value is based on the way the gemstone shines in reflected light. The way a
mineral reflects light is described as the mineral's
A) fracture
B) hardness
C) luster
D) streak
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119. Which intrusive igneous rock could be composed
of approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase
feldspar, 10% olivine, and 5% amphibole?
A) granite
C) gabbro
B) rhyolite
D) basalt
120. Biotite mica and muscovite mica have different
chemical compositions. Compared to the magma
from which biotite mica forms, the magma from
which muscovite mica forms is usually
A)
B)
C)
D)
more mafic and less dense
more mafic and more dense
more felsic and less dense
more felsic and more dense
121. Which igneous rock, when weathered, could
produce sediment composed of the minerals
potassium feldspar, quartz, and amphibole?
A) gabbro
C) andesite
B) granite
D) basalt
122. The photograph below shows the intergrown
crystals of a pegmatite rock.
Which characteristic provides the best evidence
that this pegmatite solidified deep underground?
A)
B)
C)
D)
low density
light color
felsic composition
very coarse texture
123. Which process could lead directly to the formation
of pumice rock?
A) precipitation of minerals from evaporating
seawater
B) metamorphism of unmelted rock material
C) deposition of quartz sand
D) explosive eruption of lava from a volcano
124. Which three minerals are most commonly found in
the igneous rock granite?
A)
B)
C)
D)
amphibole, calcite, and hematite
amphibole, biotite mica, and gypsum
plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and olivine
plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar,
and quartz
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125. The graph below shows the relationship between the cooling time of magma and the size of the
crystals produced.
Which graph correctly shows the relative positions of the igneous rocks granite, rhyolite, and
pumice?
A)
B)
C)
D)
126. When granite melts and then solidifies, it becomes
A)
B)
C)
D)
a sedimentary rock
an igneous rock
a metamorphic rock
sediments
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127. Which rock most probably formed directly from
lava cooling quickly at Earth's surface?
A)
128. The photograph below shows actual crystal sizes in
a light-colored igneous rock that contains several
minerals, including potassium feldspar, quartz, and
biotite mica.
B)
The rock should be identified as
C)
D)
A) granite
C) basalt
B) gabbro
D) rhyolite
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129. Base your answer to the following question on the map below of Iceland, a country located on the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Four locations are represented by the letters A through D.
The fine-grained texture of most of the igneous rock formed on the surface of Iceland is due to
A) rapid cooling of the molten rock
C) numerous faults in the island's bedrock
130. Which common rock is formed from the
solidification of molten material?
A) rock gypsum
C) rhyolite
B) slate
D) coal
B) high density of the molten rock
D) high pressure under the island
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131. The diagrams below represent four rock samples.
Which rock was formed by rapid cooling in a
volcanic lava flow? [The diagrams are not to scale.]
A)
B)
C)
D)
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132. The diagrams below show the crystals of four different rocks viewed through the same hand lens.
Which crystals most likely formed from molten material that cooled and solidified most rapidly?
A)
B)
C)
D)
133. Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous
rocks contain greater amounts of
A) white quartz
C) pink feldspar
137. The picture below shows the igneous rock obsidian.
B) aluminum
D) iron
134. An extrusive igneous rock with a mineral
composition of 35% quartz, 35% potassium
feldspar, 15% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite,
and 5% amphibole is called
A) rhyolite
C) gabbro
B) granite
D) basaltic glass
135. Which process is necessary for the formation of
igneous rocks?
A) erosion
C) solidification
B) deposition
D) metamorphism
136. For an igneous rock to be classified as rhyolite, it
must be light colored, be fine grained, and contain
A) quartz
C) pyroxene
B) calcite
D) olivine
The obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it
formed from a magma that cooled
A)
B)
C)
D)
slowly, deep below Earth's surface
slowly, on Earth's surface
quickly, deep below Earth's surface
quickly, on Earth's surface
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138. The table below provides information about the
mineral composition of a sample of beach sand
from Hawaii.
141. The geologic cross section below shows variations
of mineral composition that can be observed in the
Palisades Sill. The Palisades Sill is an intrusive
igneous rock called diabase.
If the sand deposited on this beach recently
weathered from only one type of igneous rock, the
rock was most likely
A) granite
C) diorite
B) peridotite
D) basalt
139. A fine-grained igneous rock composed mostly of
plagioclase feldspar and hornblende and containing
no quartz or pyroxene would be classified as
A) granite
C) peridotite
B) andesite
D) scoria
140. Which characteristic provides the best evidence
that obsidian rock formed in an extrusive
environment?
A)
B)
C)
D)
layers of rounded fragments
distorted bands of large mineral crystals
noncrystalline glassy texture
mineral cement between grains
Which other igneous rock is closest to diabase in
mineral composition?
A) andesite
C) rhyolite
B) granite
D) gabbro
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
142. Base your answer to the following question on the
map below, which shows seismograph recording
stations at locations A, B, and C. Location D is an
earthquake epicenter. The distances from locations
A and B to this epicenter are given in kilometers.
145. Which two igneous rocks could have the same
mineral composition?
A)
B)
C)
D)
rhyolite and diorite
pumice and scoria
peridotite and andesite
gabbro and basalt
146. A fine-grained igneous rock was probably formed
by
A) weathering and erosion
B) great heat and pressure that did not produce
melting
C) rapid cooling of molten material
D) burial and cementation of sediment
Which statement best describes the igneous crustal
bedrock below locations A, B, C, and D?
A) The bedrock below D is mostly basalt;
below A, B, and C, the bedrock is mostly
granite.
B) The bedrock below D is mostly granite; below
A, B, and C, the bedrock is mostly basalt.
C) The bedrock below A, B, C, and D is mostly
basalt.
D) The bedrock below A, B, C, and D is mostly
granite.
143. Which extrusive igneous rock is composed of
approximately 40% quartz, 20% potassium
feldspar, 20% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite
mica, and 10% hornblende?
A) rhyolite
C) granite
B) gabbro
D) basalt
144. Some Moon rock samples have coarse intergrown
crystals composed of plagioclase feldspar,
hornblende, and olivine. These Moon rock samples
are most similar to Earth rock samples of
A) gabbro
C) breccia
B) marble
D) pumice
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 147 through 150 on
the block diagram below which shows a cross section of Earth's crust. Letter A identifies a lake, and
letters B through G represent different types of bedrock.
147. Rock C most likely resulted from the
A)
B)
C)
D)
rapid cooling of lava from volcanic eruptions
regional metamorphism of a previously existing rock
compaction and cementation of angular quartz fragments
precipitation of minerals from evaporating water
.
148. Rock B is a dark-colored crystalline rock that formed when a lava flow cooled and solidified quickly
on the surface of Earth.
Rock B is classified as an
A)
B)
C)
D)
extrusive igneous rock with a coarse texture and felsic composition
extrusive igneous rock with a fine texture and a mafic composition
intrusive igneous rock with a coarse texture and a felsic composition
intrusive igneous rock with a fine texture and a mafic composition
149. Which diagram best represents a sample of rock G?
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
150. Which graph best represents a possible comparison of the average grain sizes for rocks D, E, and F?
A)
B)
151. Which relative concentration of elements is found
in a mafic rock?
A) a high concentration of silicon and a low
concentration of iron
B) a high concentration of iron and a low
concentration of aluminum
C) a high concentration of aluminum and a low
concentration of iron
D) a high concentration of aluminum and a low
concentration of magnesium
152. Which relative concentrations of elements are
found in a felsic rock?
A) a high concentration of aluminum and a
low concentration of iron
B) a high concentration of iron and a low
concentration of aluminum
C) a high concentration of magnesium and a low
concentration of iron
D) a high concentration of magnesium and a low
concentration of aluminum
153. A fine-grained igneous rock contains 11%
plagioclase, 72% pyroxene, 15% olivine, and 2%
amphibole. This rock would most likely be
classified as
A) granite
C) gabbro
B) rhyolite
D) basalt
C)
D)
154. The diagrams below represent four rock samples.
Which rock took the longest time to solidify from
magma deep within the Earth?
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
155. Base your answer to the following question on the
diagram below, which represents samples of soil
and bedrock at Earth's surface. The arrows
represent possible infiltration of rainwater.
156. In the diagram below, each angle of the triangle
represents a 100 percent composition of the mineral
named at that angle. The percentage of the mineral
decreases toward 0 percent as either of the other
angles of the triangle is approached. Letter A
represents the mineral composition of an igneous
rock.
Rock A is a coarse-grained igneous rock that can
best be identified as
Which three minerals are usually found in granite?
A)
B)
C)
D)
biotite, olivine, and hornblende
quartz, pyroxene, and olivine
potassium feldspar, quartz, and hornblende
plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and pyroxene
A) rhyolite
C) granite
B) pumice
D) gabbro
157. The bedrock of the flat areas on the Moon is mostly
basalt. This fine-grained igneous rock was most
likely formed by the
A) cementing and compacting of sediments
B) changes caused by heat and pressure on
preexisting rocks
C) slow cooling of magma deep under the surface
D) rapid cooling of molten rock in lava flows
158. The end product of the weathering of gabbro or
basalt rocks is a solution of dissolved material that
most likely would contain high amounts of
A)
B)
C)
D)
iron and magnesium
magnesium and potassium
aluminum and iron
aluminum and potassium
159. Which is the best description of the properties of
basalt?
A)
B)
C)
D)
fine-grained and mafic
fine-grained and felsic
coarse-grained and mafic
coarse-grained and felsic
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
160. Base your answer to the following question on the
information and the cross section below. The cross
section represents a possible model of the Moon's
interior.
Seismographs left on the Moon by astronauts have
provided enough data to develop a model of the
Moon's interior. Scientists believe that the Moon
has a layered interior and that its crustal thickness
varies greatly from one side of the Moon to the
other.
162. Which granite sample most likely formed from
magma that cooled and solidified at the slowest
rate?
A)
B)
C)
D)
163. The four igneous rocks below are classified into
two groups.
What is the basis for this classification?
A) density
B) color
C) crystal grain size D) mineral content
164. The diagram below shows the mineral composition
of an igneous rock drawn actual size.
According to the cross section, which kind of
surface bedrock is found in large amounts on the
Moon?
A)
B)
C)
D)
fossil limestone
volcanic rock
sedimentary conglomerate
nonclastic evaporite
161. Which minerals are present in granite but are never
present in gabbro?
A) quartz and plagioclase feldspar
B) potassium feldspar (orthoclase) and quartz
C) plagioclase feldspar and potassium feldspar
(orthoclase)
D) biotite mica and hornblende amphibole
This igneous rock is
A) gabbro
C) basalt
B) granite
D) rhyolite
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165. Base your answer to the following question on the
field map below, which shows the average size of
particles deposited by streams that drained an area
of Maryland during the Pleistocene Epoch. The
field values represent particle diameters in
centimeters.
167. Analysis of a granite pebble would probably show
that the pebble consists mostly of the
A)
B)
C)
D)
minerals quartz and feldspar
minerals calcite and gypsum
elements iron and magnesium
elements carbon and hydrogen
168. Which two processes result in the formation of
igneous rocks?
A)
B)
C)
D)
solidification and evaporation
melting and solidification
crystallization and cementation
compression and precipitation
169. Which property is common to most dark-colored
igneous rocks?
A)
B)
C)
D)
high density
intrusive formation
abundant felsic minerals
coarse-grained texture
170. Olivine and pyroxene are commonly found in
igneous rocks that are
A)
B)
C)
D)
Particles of sediment collected at location Y contain
intergrown crystals of quartz, potassium feldspar,
and hornblende. From which rock did these
sediments most likely weather?
A) granite
C) sandstone
B) gabbro
D) limestone
166. Rock X and rock Y are igneous rocks with identical
mineral composition. Rock X has no visible crystals
and rock Y has large, visible crystals. What can be
inferred about rock Y?
A) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more slowly
than rock X.
B) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more
slowly than rock X.
C) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more quickly
than rock X.
D) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more
quickly than rock X.
felsic, with low density
felsic, with high density
mafic, with low density
mafic, with high density
171. A mafic igneous rock is most likely to be relatively
A)
B)
C)
D)
high in density and dark in color
high in density and light in color
low in density and dark in color
low in density and light in color
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
172. Base your answer to the following question on the
diagram below which shows a top view of the
bedrock geology of a portion of the Earth's surface.
Two faults (F1 and F2) and three periods of igneous
activity have occurred in this area.
176. Which graph best represents the relationship
between the length of time molten magma takes to
cool and the size of the crystals in the rock formed
by the magma?
A)
B)
C)
D)
177. Which substances could be found in the same
igneous rock?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Based on the diagram of a sample of igneous rock
Y, its mineral composition and crystal size, what is
igneous rock Y?
A) rhyolite
C) conglomerate
B) basalt
D) granite
173. Which minerals are found in the igneous rocks
gabbro and basalt?
A)
B)
C)
D)
olivine and quartz
olivine and pyroxene
pyroxene and orthoclase
orthoclase and quartz
174. The best evidence for determining the cooling rate
of an igneous rock during its solidification is
provided by
A)
B)
C)
D)
index fossils
faults in the rock
the crystal size of its minerals
the disintegration of radioactive substances
175. Rhyolite is an example of a
A)
B)
C)
D)
monomineralic igneous rock
polymineralic igneous rock
monomineralic sedimentary rock
polymineralic sedimentary rock
pebbles and cobbles
sandstone and limestone
plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene
quartz and olivine
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
178. Which graph best shows the relationship between the compositions of different igneous rocks and
their densities?
A)
B)
C)
D)
179. The igneous rock gabbro most likely formed from
molten material that cooled
A)
B)
C)
D)
rapidly at Earth's surface
slowly at Earth's surface
rapidly, deep underground
slowly, deep underground
180. A coarse-grained rock contains 50% plagioclase,
45% pyroxene, and 5% hornblende. This rock
should be identified as
A) basalt
C) rhyolite
B) granite
D) gabbro
181. Large crystals in an igneous rock most likely form
as a result of the
A)
B)
C)
D)
mineral composition of the magma
cooling rate of the magma
fossil content of the rock
color of the rock
182. A fossil is not likely to be found in
A) limestone
C) basalt
B) sandstone
D) shale
183. Rhyolite and granite are alike in that they both are
A) fine-grained
C) mafic
B) dark-colored
D) felsic
184. Which property would be most useful for
identifying igneous rocks?
A)
B)
C)
D)
kind of cement
mineral composition
number of minerals present
types of fossils present
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
185. Which graph best represents the comparison of the
average grain sizes in basalt, granite, and rhyolite?
188. Which statement best describes the percentage of
plagioclase feldspars in a sample of gabbro?
A) The percentage of plagioclase feldspars in
gabbro can vary.
B) Gabbro always contains less plagioclase than
pyroxene.
C) Plagioclase feldspars always make up 25% of
a gabbro sample.
D) Gabbro contains no plagioclase feldspars.
A)
189. The diagrams below represent magnifications of
rocks. Which is most likely a diagram of a
non-sedimentary rock?
B)
C)
D)
A)
B)
C)
D)
190. Which is a fine-grained igneous rock made up
primarily of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar?
A) gabbro
C) granite
B) basalt
D) rhyolite
191. Most igneous rocks form by which processes?
186. Compared to basalt, granite is
A)
B)
C)
D)
lighter in color
greater in density
more mafic in composition
more fine grained in texture
187. Which two mineral grains would most likely be
found in soil formed from granite?
A)
B)
C)
D)
olivine and pyroxene
potassium feldspar and quartz
plagioclase and pyroxene
olivine and nepheline
A)
B)
C)
D)
melting and solidification
heat and pressure
erosion and deposition
compaction and cementation
192. Gabbro is composed mainly of
A)
B)
C)
D)
plagioclase feldspars and pyroxene
hornblende and quartz
biotite and olivine
potassium feldspar and quartz
193. Which rock is of felsic composition, low in density,
light in color, and coarse grained?
A) rhyolite
C) granite
B) basalt
D) gabbro
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
194. Which graph best shows the relationship between
the size of the crystals in an igneous rock and the
length of time it has taken the rock to solidify?
A)
B)
C)
D)
199. The photograph below shows the texture of a rock
composed of various minerals as seen through a
microscope.
195. Which is usually a characteristic of igneous rocks
with a high density?
A)
B)
C)
D)
They are light in color.
They are felsic.
They have a high aluminum content.
They contain iron.
196. A coarse-grained igneous rock contains plagioclase
feldspars and pyroxenes, but no quartz. This rock is
most likely
A) basalt
C) granite
B) rhyolite
D) gabbro
197. Which rock was subjected to intense heat and
pressure but did not solidify from magma?
A) sandstone
C) gabbro
B) schist
D) rhyolite
198. The photograph below shows a large outcrop of
rock composed primarily of visible crystals of
mica, quartz, and feldspar.
Based on the composition and foliated texture, this
rock can best be identified as
A) marble
C) slate
B) schist
D) anthracite coal
Which rock is most likely shown above?
A) sandstone
C) dunite
B) anthracite coal
D) schist
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 200 through 202 on
the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The graph shows the temperature, pressure, and depth environments for the formation of the three
major rock types. Pressure is shown in kilobars (kb). Letters A through D identify different
environmental conditions for rock formation.
200. Which letter represents the environmental conditions necessary to form gneiss?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
201. Which rock is most likely to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperature
of 1000°C?
A) quartzite
B) scoria
C) shale
D) granite
202. At what pressure and temperature is sand most likely to be compacted into sandstone?
A) 2 kb and 150°C
C) 10 kb and 400°C
B) 6 kb and 200°C
D) 12 kb and 900°C
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
203. The data table below lists characteristics of rocks A, B, C, and D.
Which rock is most likely phyllite?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
204. Which rock is only formed by regional
metamorphism?
A) slate
C) dunite
B) hornfels
D) marble
205. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A is
within the metamorphic rock.
The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely
A) marble
B) quartzite
C) phyllite
206. Wavy bands of light and dark minerals visible in
gneiss bedrock probably formed from the
A)
B)
C)
D)
cementing together of individual miner grains
cooling and crystallization of magma
evaporation of an ancient ocean
heat and pressure during metamorphism
D) slate
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 207 and 208 on
the graph below, which shows the crustal temperature and pressure conditions under which three
different minerals with the same chemical composition (Al 2SiO5) crystallize.
207. If bedrock at a collisional plate boundary contains andalusite crystals, these crystals are changed
into sillimanite and/or kyanite as temperature and pressure conditions increase. What is this process
called?
A) weathering
C) metamorphism
B) solidification
D) cementation
208. Under which crustal temperature and pressure conditions will andalusite form?
A) 300°C and 6000 atmospheres
C) 600°C and 4000 atmospheres
B) 500°C and 2000 atmospheres
D) 700°C and 8000 atmospheres
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
209. The rock shown below has a foliated texture and
contains the minerals amphibole, quartz, and
feldspar arranged in coarse-grained bands.
215. Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most
likely have a zone of contact metamorphism
between them?
A)
B)
C)
D)
216. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be
changed to slate during regional metamorphism?
Which rock is shown?
A) slate
C) gneiss
B) dunite
D) quartzite
210. Which physical characteristic best describes the
rock phyllite?
A) glassy texture with gas pockets
B) clastic texture with angular fragments
C) bioclastic texture with cemented shell
fragments
D) foliated texture with microscopic mica
crystals
211. During the Permian Period, sedimentary bedrock in
the Appalachian Region was subjected to high
temperature and pressure. Calcite deposits that had
existed in this environment would most likely have
formed
A) schist
C) marble
B) gabbro
D) gneiss
212. Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone of
contact metamorphism?
A) conglomerate
C) pegmatite
B) hornfels
D) quartzite
213. During the intrusion of the Palisades Sill, contact
metamorphism changed sandstone and shale into
A) diorite
C) limestone
B) marble
D) hornfels
214. Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment
but not banding, and contains medium-sized grains
of quartz and pyroxene?
A) phyllite
C) gneiss
shale and conglomerate
shale and sandstone
limestone and sandstone
limestone and granite
B) schist
D) quartzite
A) breccia
C) dolostone
B) conglomerate
D) shale
217. The diagram below shows four rock samples.
Which sample best shows the physical properties
normally associated with regional metamorphism?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
218. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as
shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure?
A)
B)
C)
D)
shale
shale
shale
shale
schist
slate
gneiss
gneiss
phyllite
phyllite
phyllite
phyllite
slate gneiss
schist
gneiss
slate schist
schist slate
219. How do the metamorphic rocks schist and quartzite
differ?
A) Quartzite contains the mineral quartz and
schist does not.
B) Quartzite forms from regional metamorphism
and schist does not.
C) Schist is organically formed and quartzite is
not.
D) Schist is foliated and quartzite is not.
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 220 through 224 on the diagrams below which represents the same
rock material at five stages of development. The graph below shows the temperature and depth of
burial at which stages A through D develop Stage E has intentionally been omitted from the graph.
220. Which graph correctly shows where magma would begin to crystallize into granite (stage E)?
A)
B)
C)
D)
221. In the simple rock-cycle diagram, which processes along path X would change the schist (stage C)
directly into a pile of sediments (stage A)?
A)
B)
C)
D)
uplift, weathering, and erosion of the schist
cementing of sediment grains followed by compaction
melting of the schist followed by cooling
heat and/or pressure applied to the schist
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
222. The rocks in stages C and D are both
A) noncrystalline B) foliated
C) clastic
D) glassy
223. Clayey sandstone will form gneiss if the
A)
B)
C)
D)
temperature and pressure both decrease
temperature and pressure both increase
temperature decreases and the pressure increases
temperature increases and the pressure decreases
224. According to the graph, gneiss is formed at a depth of approximately
A) 10 km
B) 7 km
C) 3 km
225. The cartoon below presents a humorous look at
history.
D) 0 km
226. The geologic cross section below shows limestone
that was intruded. Part of the limestone (zone A)
was heated intensely but was not melted.
Which type of rock most likely formed in zone A?
A) gneiss
C) marble
B) slate
D) obsidian
227. Which diagram best represents a sample of the
metamorphic rock gneiss? (Diagrams show actual
size.)
What kind of rocks does the complaining rock
collector want?
A)
B)
C)
D)
felsic volcanic rocks
clastic sedimentary rocks
inorganic sedimentary rocks
regionally metamorphosed rocks
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
228. Base your answer to the following question on the
geologic cross section shown below.
231. What is one difference between the metamorphic
rocks quartzite and hornfels?
A) Hornfels is foliated; quartzite is nonfoliated.
B) Hornfels contains plagioclase; quartzite
does
not contain plagioclase.
C) Hornfels is produced by regional
metamorphism; quartzite is produced by
contact metamorphism.
D) Hornfels is medium grained; quartzite is fine
grained.
232. Heat and pressure due to magma intrusions may
result in
A)
B)
C)
D)
At which location is metamorphic rock most likely
to be found?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
229. The recrystallization of unmelted material under
high temperature and pressure results in
A)
B)
C)
D)
metamorphic rock
sedimentary rock
igneous rock
volcanic rock
230. Where is metamorphic rock frequently found?
A) on mountaintops that have horizontal layers
containing marine fossils
B) within large lava flows
C) as a thin surface layer covering huge areas of
the continents
D) along the interface between igneous
intrusions and sedimentary bedrock
vertical sorting
graded bedding
contact metamorphism
chemical evaporites
233. Which rock forms by the recrystallization of
unmelted rock material under conditions of high
temperature and pressure?
A) granite
C) rock gypsum
B) gneiss
D) bituminous coal
234. Which processes change sedimentary rocks into
metamorphic rocks?
A)
B)
C)
D)
erosion and deposition
melting and solidification
evaporation and condensation
temperature and pressure changes
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 235 and 236 on the
cross section below which shows the surface and
subsurface rock formations near New York City.
238. The diagram below represents a rock with a
distorted layer structure.
The distorted structure of this rock is most likely
the result of
235. The rock types shown on the left side of this
geologic cross section were mainly the result of
A) heat and pressure exerted on previously
existing rock
B) melting and solidification of crustal rocks at
great depths
C) tectonic plate boundaries diverging at the
mid-ocean ridge
D) compaction and cementation of sediments
under ocean waters
A)
B)
C)
D)
a long period of weathering
glacial activity
wind erosion
extreme pressure
239. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica
crystals and a foliated texture?
A) marble
C) schist
B) quartzite
D) slate
240. The diagram below shows an igneous rock
intrusion in sedimentary rock layers.
236. Which rock formation was originally limestone?
A) Palisades sill
C) Inwood marble
B) Fordham gneiss
D) Manhattan schist
237. Most metamorphic rocks are formed when
A)
B)
C)
D)
sediments are cemented and compacted
magma cools slowly, deep underground
flows of lava cool rapidly
rocks are subjected to heat and pressure
At which point would metamorphic rock most
likely be found?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 241 through 245 on
the diagrams below of five rock samples.
241. Which sample would most likely contain fossils?
A) gneiss
C) sandstone
B) granite
D) basalt
242. Which sample is composed of sediments 0.006
centimeter to 0.2 centimeter in size that were
compacted and cemented together?
A) conglomerate
C) gneiss
B) sandstone
D) granite
243. Which sample is igneous and has a coarse texture?
A) sandstone
C) basalt
B) conglomerate
D) granite
244. The basalt was most likely formed by
A)
B)
C)
D)
heat and pressure
melting and solidification
compaction and cementation
erosion and deposition
245. If granite were subjected to intense heat and
pressure, it would most likely change to
A) conglomerate
C) gneiss
B) sandstone
D) basalt
246. Metamorphic rocks form as the direct result of
A)
B)
C)
D)
precipitation from evaporating water
melting and solidification in magma
erosion and deposition of soil particles
heat and pressure causing changes in
existing rock
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
247. The diagram below indicates physical changes that accompany the conversion of shale to gneiss.
Which geologic process is occurring to cause this conversion?
A) sedimentary layering
C) metamorphism
B) intrusion of magma
D) weathering
248. Metamorphic rocks result from the
A)
B)
C)
D)
erosion of rocks
recrystallization of rocks
cooling and solidification of molten magma
compression and cementation of soil particles
249. Which rocks would most likely be separated by a
transition zone of altered rock (metamorphic rock)?
A)
B)
C)
D)
sandstone and limestone
granite and limestone
shale and sandstone
conglomerate and siltstone
250. What is the main difference between metamorphic
rocks and most other rocks?
A) Many metamorphic rocks contain only one
mineral.
B) Many metamorphic rocks have an organic
composition.
C) Many metamorphic rocks exhibit banding
and distortion of structure.
D) Many metamorphic rocks contain a high
amount of oxygen-silicon tetrahedra.
251. Which characteristic of rocks tends to increase as
the rocks are metamorphosed?
A)
B)
C)
D)
density
porosity
permeability
number of fossils present
252. Most of the sand that makes up the sandstone found
in New York State was originally deposited in
which type of layers?
A) tilted
C) faulted
B) horizontal
D) folded
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
253. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of Earth shown below. Letters B, C, and
D represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents a location on Earth's surface.
What is the probable density of the granitic bedrock at Q?
A) 1.0 g/cm3
B) 2.7 g/cm3
C) 3.0 g/cm3
D) 5.5 g/cm3
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 254 and 255 on
the cross section below. Rock units are labeled 1 through 8. The line between A and A' indicates an
unconformity.
254. Which rock most probably formed in the contact metamorphic zone within rock unit 6?
A) marble
B) basalt
C) quartzite
D) hornfels
255. Which characteristic of the granite intrusion provides the most evidence that it solidified deep
underground?
A) very hard
C) light color
B) coarse texture
D) felsic composition
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
256. Which diagram represents a landscape where fine-grained igneous bedrock is most likely to be
found?
A)
B)
C)
D)
257. Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic based primarily on their
A)
B)
C)
D)
texture
crystal or grain size
method of formation
mineral composition
Base your answers to questions 260 and 261 on the
pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified views
of the rocks are shown in the circles.
258. The diagram below shows a rock with deformed
structure and intergrown crystals.
The rock was probably formed by
A) sediments that were deposited on the ocean
floor
B) heat and pressure that changed a
preexisting rock
C) volcanic lava that cooled on Earth's surface
D) a meteor impact on Earth's surface
259. Rocks can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, or
metamorphic based primarily upon differences in
their
A) color
C) origin
B) density
D) age
260. What do all four rock samples have in common?
A)
B)
C)
D)
They show cleavage.
They contain minerals.
They are organically formed.
They formed on Earth’s surface.
261. Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence of
foliation?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 262 and 263 on
the diagram below which shows the structure of a student-developed chart for identifying some rock
samples. The circles labeled choice 1 through choice 4 represent decision-making steps leading either
to path (a) or path (b). Choice 5 has not been completed.
262. Before the student can select either path (a) or path (b) at choice 1, the student must make a
decision about
A) mineral composition
C) the temperature at which rocks form
B) crystal size
D) the appearance of the rock grains
263. At choice 2, the student should generally select path (a) if the student observes
A)
B)
C)
D)
a random arrangement of mineral crystals
distorted structure and crystal alignment
bands of mineral crystals
layers of same-sized crystals
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
264. The diagram below represents a sample of a rock.
267. The main difference between sedimentary and
nonsedimentary rocks is the
A)
B)
C)
D)
This rock would be classified as metamorphic
because it shows
A)
B)
C)
D)
distorted banding
an organic composition
a mixture of minerals
crystals from precipitation
265. Which diagram best represents a sample of the
metamorphic rock gneiss? [Diagrams show actual
size.]
means by which they are located
conditions under which they are formed
minerals of which they are composed
locations in which they are found
268. Which characteristic of nonsedimentary rocks
would provide the least evidence about the
environment in which the rocks were formed?
A)
B)
C)
D)
structure
color
crystal size
mineral composition
269. Which diagram below shows an area in which
fine-grained igneous rocks are most likely to be
found?
A)
A)
B)
B)
C)
C)
D)
270. Which characteristic provides the best evidence
about the environment in which a rock was
formed?
D)
266. Which characteristic of an igneous rock would
provide the most information about the
environment in which the rock solidified?
A) color
C) hardness
B) texture
D) streak
A)
B)
C)
D)
the color of the rock
the size of the rock
the texture of the rock
the thickness of the rock
271. Volcanic ash deposits found in the geologic record
are most useful in correlating the age of rock layers
if the volcanic ash was distributed over a
A)
B)
C)
D)
large area during a short period of time
large area during a long period of time
small area during a short period of time
small area during a long period of time
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
272. The graph below shows the concentration
(percentage) of copper at various depths in the
bedrock at a mine in Arizona.
Between which depths should the bedrock be
mined in order to obtain rock with the highest
percentage of copper?
A) 100-130 ft
C) 330-360 ft
B) 230-260 ft
D) 650-680 ft
Base your answers to questions 273 and 274 on the table below which provides information about the
crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A, B, C, and D.
273. Which diagram best represents the texture, composition, and intergrown crystals of rock A?
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
274. Which two rocks most likely formed farthest below the surface of Earth?
A) A and B
B) B and C
C) C and D
D) A and D
Base your answers to questions 275 through 278 on the diagram below, which represents a scheme
for classifying rocks. The letters A, B, C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels.
275. Which rocks could be represented by circles X, Y, and Z?
A)
B)
C)
D)
shale, slate, and schist
sandstone, shale, and siltstone
anthracite coal, metaconglomerate, and rock salt
breccia, gneiss, and rhyolite
276. Which processes would form the type of rock that is represented by circle B?
A) deposition and compaction
C) melting and solidification
B) weathering and erosion
D) faulting and folding
277. If the rock in circle C formed from limestone, it would be called
A) schist
B) anthracite coal C) marble
D) slate
278. The classification of rocks into sedimentary or nonsedimentary groups is based primarily on the
rocks'
A) origin
B) density
C) color
D) age
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
279. In which part of the Earth are felsic rocks most
likely to be found?
A) continental crust B) oceanic crust
C) plastic mantle
D) rigid mantle
280. Where are the Earth's sedimentary rocks generally
found?
A)
B)
C)
D)
in regions of recent volcanic activity
deep within the Earth's crust
along the mid-ocean ridges
as a thin layer covering much of the
continents
281. Which rocks form relatively thin layers, compared
to the thickness of the continent, over large areas of
the continents?
A)
B)
C)
D)
granite and gabbro
sandstone and shale
metamorphic rocks
intrusive igneous rocks
Base your answers to questions 282 and 283 on
the photograph and cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The sequence of
rock types found in the walls of the Grand Canyon are shown. The names of rock formations are
shown and the upper and lower boundaries of each formation are indicated by dashed lines. The rock
layers have not been overturned.
282. The granite formation was primarily formed by
A) metamorphism of layered sandstone
C) compaction of precipitated gypsum
B) solidification of felsic magma
D) cementation of clastic sediments
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
283. If the Vishnu schist had been exposed to greater heat and pressure during metamorphism, it could
have formed
A) gneiss
B) marble
C) quartzite
D) phyllite
284. The table below lists some information about the minerals graphite and diamond.
Some properties of diamond are different from those of graphite because diamond
A) has a different arrangement of atoms B) forms larger crystals
C) has a different composition
D) is older in geologic age
285. The diagram below represents the intensity of the shaking that occurs on different Earth surfaces
during the same earthquake.
The greatest earthquake hazard to homes exists when they are built on
A) hard igneous rock
C) coarse sediments
B) sedimentary rock
D) silt and mud
286. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and a
felsic composition?
A) pumice
C) granite
B) basalt
D) scoria
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
287. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows magnified views of three
stages of mineral crystal formation as molten material gradually cools.
Which rock normally forms when minerals crystallize in these stages?
A) shale
B) gneiss
C) gabbro
D) breccia
288. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section of bedrock shown below. A
through G identify rock layers and Q represents a fault. Lines W, X, Y, and Z are locations of
unconformities. The rocks have not been overturned.
Which rock or feature is oldest?
A) rock A
C) fault Q
B) rock G
D) unconformity Z
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
289. The diagram below represents a sedimentary rock
composed of pebbles and sand.
Which statement most accurately compares the
ages of the cracks and pebbles to the age of the
sedimentary rock in which they are found?
A) The cracks and pebbles are both younger than
the sedimentary rock.
B) The cracks and pebbles are both older than the
sedimentary rock.
C) The cracks are younger and the pebbles are
older than the sedimentary rock.
D) The cracks are older and the pebbles are
younger than the sedimentary rock.
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
290. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below, which shows the changing climatic
conditions that led to alternating glacial and interglacial periods.
The interglacial stages were most likely caused by
A)
B)
C)
D)
a drop in worldwide sea levels
an increase in average worldwide temperature
crustal plate movement
a large increase in the amount of snowfall
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
291. The diagram below shows a sample of
conglomerate rock.
293. The diagram below represents a rock consisting of
granite pebbles and sand grains cemented together.
How does the age of the granite pebbles compare to
the age of the rock itself?
The oldest part of this sample is the
A)
B)
C)
D)
conglomerate rock sample
calcite cement
limestone particles
mineral vein
292. How would the age of sandstone fragments found
in a conglomerate rock compare with the age of the
conglomerate rock?
A) The sandstone fragments are younger than the
conglomerate rock.
B) The sandstone fragments are older than the
conglomerate rock.
C) The sandstone fragments and the
conglomerate rock are the same age.
D) The sandstone fragments may be either
younger or older than the conglomerate rock.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The pebbles are younger than the rock.
The pebbles are older than the rock.
The pebbles are the same age as the rock.
The relative age of the pebbles cannot be
determined.
294. One difference between a breccia rock and a
conglomerate rock is that the particles in a breccia
rock are
A) more aligned
C) harder
B) more angular
D) land derived
295. The diagram below represents a layer of sandstone
containing a vein of calcite and a crack labeled XY.
Which is oldest?
A)
B)
C)
D)
the calcite vein
the crack labeled XY
the sandstone layer
the individual sand grains in the rock
296. A sedimentary rock consists of grains of sand
cemented together. What is the relative age of the
sand grains?
A) younger than the rock
B) older than the rock
C) the same age as the rock
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
Base your answers to questions 297 and 298 on the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The boxes labeled A through G represent rocks and rock materials. Arrows represent the
processes of the rock cycle.
297. The arrows in the block diagram below represent forces forming mountains in a region of Earth's
lithosphere.
Metamorphic rocks that formed from these forces are represented by which lettered box in the
flowchart?
A) A
B) B
C) E
D) F
298. Which lettered box could represent the rock conglomerate?
A) E
B) G
C) C
D) D
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
299. Base your answer to the following question on
the block diagrams of four rock outcrops, A, B, C, and D, located within 15 kilometers of each
other. The rock layers have not been overturned.
By which process was the quartzite formed?
A) deposition of clastic sediment
C) metamorphism of sandstone
B) precipitation from seawater
D) cementation of shells
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
300. The diagram below represents geological processes that act continuously on Earth to form different
rock types.
Which table correctly classifies each rock type?
A)
B)
C)
D)
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
301. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections of three rock outcrops, A, B, and C
. Line XY represents a fault. Overturning has not occurred in the rock outcrops.
Which processes were primarily responsible for the formation of most of the rock in outcrop A?
A) melting and solidification
C) compaction and cementation
B) heating and compression
D) weathering and erosion
302. Which statement about the formation of a rock is
best supported by the rock cycle?
A) Magma must be weathered before it can
change to metamorphic rock.
B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented
before it can change to sedimentary rock.
C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can
change to metamorphic rock.
D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can
change to sedimentary rock.
303. Which type(s) of rock can be the source of
deposited sediments?
A)
B)
C)
D)
igneous and metamorphic rocks, only
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, only
sedimentary rocks, only
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
rocks
Answer Key
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
1.
D
37.
B
73.
B
109.
C
2.
B
38.
A
74.
D
110.
B
3.
C
39.
B
75.
C
111.
D
4.
C
40.
A
76.
D
112.
A
5.
C
41.
C
77.
D
113.
D
6.
D
42.
A
78.
D
114.
C
7.
B
43.
C
79.
A
115.
B
8.
D
44.
D
80.
A
116.
C
9.
A
45.
C
81.
D
117.
A
10.
A
46.
A
82.
C
118.
C
11.
C
47.
B
83.
D
119.
C
12.
B
48.
A
84.
D
120.
C
13.
C
49.
A
85.
D
121.
B
14.
A
50.
D
86.
C
122.
D
15.
D
51.
D
87.
C
123.
D
16.
C
52.
A
88.
D
124.
D
17.
C
53.
C
89.
A
125.
A
18.
C
54.
D
90.
B
126.
B
19.
B
55.
C
91.
A
127.
B
20.
C
56.
C
92.
C
128.
A
21.
B
57.
A
93.
C
129.
A
22.
B
58.
D
94.
D
130.
C
23.
D
59.
B
95.
C
131.
C
24.
B
60.
A
96.
C
132.
D
25.
C
61.
A
97.
C
133.
D
26.
D
62.
A
98.
D
134.
A
27.
B
63.
A
99.
A
135.
C
28.
B
64.
D
100.
D
136.
A
29.
A
65.
B
101.
D
137.
D
30.
C
66.
A
102.
B
138.
D
31.
C
67.
C
103.
C
139.
B
32.
B
68.
D
104.
D
140.
C
33.
B
69.
B
105.
D
141.
D
34.
A
70.
C
106.
D
142.
A
35.
A
71.
A
107.
D
143.
A
36.
B
72.
D
108.
A
144.
A
Answer Key
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
145.
D
181.
B
217.
A
253.
B
146.
C
182.
C
218.
B
254.
D
147.
D
183.
D
219.
D
255.
B
148.
B
184.
B
220.
D
256.
A
149.
A
185.
C
221.
A
257.
C
150.
A
186.
A
222.
B
258.
B
151.
B
187.
B
223.
B
259.
C
152.
A
188.
A
224.
A
260.
B
153.
D
189.
B
225.
D
261.
A
154.
D
190.
B
226.
C
262.
D
155.
C
191.
A
227.
C
263.
A
156.
C
192.
A
228.
B
264.
A
157.
D
193.
C
229.
A
265.
C
158.
A
194.
A
230.
D
266.
B
159.
A
195.
D
231.
B
267.
B
160.
B
196.
D
232.
C
268.
B
161.
B
197.
B
233.
B
269.
C
162.
D
198.
B
234.
D
270.
C
163.
C
199.
D
235.
A
271.
A
164.
A
200.
C
236.
C
272.
B
165.
A
201.
D
237.
D
273.
C
166.
B
202.
A
238.
D
274.
A
167.
A
203.
D
239.
C
275.
B
168.
B
204.
A
240.
B
276.
C
169.
A
205.
B
241.
C
277.
C
170.
D
206.
D
242.
B
278.
A
171.
A
207.
C
243.
D
279.
A
172.
D
208.
B
244.
B
280.
D
173.
B
209.
C
245.
C
281.
B
174.
C
210.
D
246.
D
282.
B
175.
B
211.
C
247.
C
283.
A
176.
C
212.
B
248.
B
284.
A
177.
C
213.
D
249.
B
285.
D
178.
B
214.
B
250.
C
286.
A
179.
D
215.
D
251.
A
287.
C
180.
D
216.
D
252.
B
288.
B
Answer Key
8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET
289.
C
290.
B
291.
C
292.
B
293.
B
294.
B
295.
D
296.
B
297.
A
298.
B
299.
C
300.
B
301.
C
302.
B
303.
D