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Parts of Speech – Review
1. Nouns – Persons, Places, Things, Ideas
Collective – crowd, team, class
Common – woman, man, city, building
Proper – Mrs. Jones, Mr. Brown, Green Bay, Lambeau Field
Abstract - love, freedom, jealousy
Concrete – desk, rug, chair
Compound – backpack, baseball, saddlebag
Nouns (or noun clauses) can be used in the following sentence positions:
Subject
Bess walks.
Direct Object
She walks the dog.
Indirect Object
Bess gave her sister a hug.
Object Complement
They elected Mary president.
Predicate Nominative (Noun) Mary is president.
Appositive
Mary, our class president, will speak at graduation.
Object of the Preposition She walked to the store.
2. Pronouns – words used in place of nouns in a sentence
*Can be used in the nominative case, objective case, and possessive case.
Personal – I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them
Ex/ They are driving the car.
Possessive – my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs
Used as adjectives showing ownership.
Ex/ The book is mine.
Reflexive/Intensive - myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves (themself is not a word!)
Ex/ Used reflexively – She hurt herself.
Ex/ Used intensively – She herself was not hurt.
Relative – who, whom, which, that, whose
Used to introduce subordinate clauses
The people who live there are on vacation.
Interrogative – who, whom, which, what, whose
Used to ask questions
Ex/ Who borrowed my pen?
Demonstrative – this, these, that, those
Used to point out persons or things
Ex/ This is my lucky day.
Indefinite – all, few, none, another, any, anybody, anyone, both, each, either, everybody,
everyone, many, most, neither, nobody, no one, one, other, several, some,
somebody, someone, such
Ex/ All of us are here. (All is plural and therefore needs to agree with the plural
verb “are.”
3. Verbs – words that express physical or mental action
Action Verbs:
Transitive Verbs (v.t.) - action verbs that take an object to complete the meaning
of the sentence.
Ex/ The catcher dropped the ball.
Intransitive Verbs (i.t.) – action verbs that don’t need an object to complete the
meaning of the sentence.
Ex/ The people chuckled.
Linking Verbs: Verbs that link the subject to the complement that describes or identifies it.
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste
Ex/ She looks serious. (Linking verbs are followed by PN or PA.)
She is serious.
He was my friend.
Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs) – helping verb + main verb = verb phrase
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, may,
might, must, can could, shall, will, should, would
Ex/ She might have been visiting her mother.
4. Adjectives – words used to describe nouns
Predicate Adjectives – Ex/ Her hands felt cold.
Pronouns as Adjectives – Ex/ Her hands felt cold.
Nouns used as Adjectives – Ex/ Walk through the hotel lobby.
Articles (Determiners, Noun Markers) as Adjectives – a, an, the – Ex/ The dog is cute.
5. Adverbs – words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
Ex/ She drives carefully. – describes verb
She is a really good driver. – describes adjective
She drove very well. – describes adverb
6. Prepositions – words which begin a phrase that shows the relation of a noun to another word
in the sentence
preposition + noun (object of preposition) = prepositional phrase
about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind,
below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, except, by, concerning, down, during,
for, from, in, into, like, of, off, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward,
under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without
Ex/
She ran behind the sofa.
He scored in spite of his injury.
7. Conjunctions – a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
Coordinating – and, but, or, so, yet, for
Ex/ My mom and I drove to the store, and she purchased some bread.
Correlative – either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or
Ex/ The work is not only profitable but also pleasant.
Subordinating – after, although, as, as much as, because, before, how, if, in order that,
inasmuch as, provided, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, where,
while
Ex/ When I take an exam, I become nervous.
We stayed indoors until the temperature rose above zero.
*notice the use of the comma to separate a subordinate clause which begins a sentence but not a
subordinate clause that follows an independent clause.
8. Interjections – word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in
the sentence.
Ex/
Oh! My goodness! Hurry! Ah! Ouch! Alas!