Download This is only a rough draft. A final draft will be posted later. World War

This is only a rough draft.
A final draft will be posted later.
World War II
American History
Miscellaneous
Hitler
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Hitler is not German, he is from Austria, but due to nationalism the difference is
minimal
Very supportive of his mother, hated his father
High school dropout, moves to Vienna to become an artist-and fails.
While in Vienna he learns about radicalism (propaganda, mass politics,
Anti-Semitism, Darwinism etc…)
„ Anti-Semitism – hatred of the Jews, based on finances and Marxism
Hitler fought in WWI and took it personal that the Germans lost*, he blames Jews,
and Marxists, also the new government
„ Hitler blames the Jews for everything- $ conspiracy, halting German unity,
and infecting the race
Becomes obsessed with his Master/Aryan Race
1919 he joins the Workers Party – a community of people with similar views
1921 he takes control of the party – already a master of mass propaganda and
political showmanship (EXTREME Nationalism)
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Hitler’s tools --- night, fire, anticipation, emotion, mass rally
1922 party getting huge – he tells the people what they want to hear
1923 the German government (Wiemar Republic) on the verge of collapse,
„ Hitler tries to overthrow the government – is arrested = birth of Nazism
„ Hitler uses trial as a commercial, gains support
„ In prison he writes the Nazi bible – Mein Kampf
„ Its about race, “living space”, and the Fuhrer (leader)
1928 with the Brownshirts (Hitler’s Nazi army) number over 100,000
1929 = Depression
1930 German unemployment is equal to all of Europe combined!
1932 unemployment reaches 42%
„ Hitler promises changes and answers and a restoration of pride through the
military
1932 Nazi’s win big in the election and win control of the Reichstag (Congress)
1933 Hitler is made the official Chancellor
Hitler as Chancellor
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Hitler outlaws all other political parties
Outlaws unions, also if you didn’t join the party you lost your job
Jews were blacklisted and books were burned
The S.S. (Hitler’s best army henchmen) and Himmler (Chief of the S.S.) take
control of the army
The Gestapo, S.S., (Secret Police) join and take control of all aspects of social life
1934 Jews lost all jobs
1935 Nuremberg Laws – Jews lost citizenship
1938 25% of Jews in Germany left = attacks on other Jews accelerated
War: Beginnings
German Expansion
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1935 Hitler rejects the Versailles Treaty and openly re-arms the military
He then occupies the Rhineland along France’s border
No one is willing to stop Hitler
„ Memory of WWI
„ No one was happy with Treaty of Versailles
„ Hope of containing Hitler = APPEASEMENT – giving in
March 1938, Hitler annexes Austria
Then he annexes Czechoslovakia
Sept. 1938 – Munich Conference – a meeting designed to stop Hitler, although all
he gets is a slap on the wrist as long as he promises not to take over any more
land.
August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign a nonaggression pact (if war happens=no two
front war)
Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland = WWII begins
„ (Our focus will be on Germany, not Italy because Mussolini becomes Hitler’s
little puppet)
Blitzkrieg – Lightning War
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Hitler’s version of “Shock and Awe”
use air power and fast moving heavy artillery to overwhelm the opponent before
they have a chance to mobilize
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Poland is crushed in under 4 weeks
Poland is split between Hitler and Stalin
Still no one wants to stop Hitler
Hitler turns to France and they last 2 weeks!!!
„ The British troops in France barely had time to escape across the English
Channel.
France sets up a puppet government in Vichy and give in to Hitler
Britain stands by themselves against Hitler in Europe
„ Hitler had accomplished in 6 weeks what Germany couldn’t do in all of WWI
Battle for Britain
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Hitler relies on air power to try and defeat Britain
Luckily the Brits had just invented RADAR
The only protection they have is the Royal Air Force and giant balloons
Hitler’s Mistake
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June 1941, instead of invading Britain, or waiting for them to fall, an impatient Hitler
decides to invade the USSR.
Why?
„ Surprise
„ Thought it would be quick and painless
„ No more worries – plus it keeps the U.S. out longer
Downfall – didn’t work, Germany now in a 2 front war
Steps Towards War: U.S. (Europe)
American Role
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if Britain falls = The Atlantic is too small for comfort
1935 Congress wants to stay neutral = prohibits sales of weapons to warring
nations
1938 Neutrality Act – can sell weapons –U.S. ships cannot carry them
1940 Selective Service Act – 1st peacetime draft
defense spending increases
1941 Lend-lease Act = lend anything to help nations that the U.S. needs to survive
to insure our national security
It became okay for our battleships to be shot at by u-boats and for us to shoot back
at them
Steps Towards War: Pacific
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U.S. isn’t too concerned with Japan at this time – war will come from Europe first,
at least that is what they thought…
Japan Builds an Empire
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1875-1915 U.S. becomes an Imperialistic nation, annexing Hawaii, and Philippines
1931 Japan invades China
1933 FDR recognizes Soviet Union to hopefully put an end to Japanese expansion
1937 Japan pushes further south in China
1937 Germany, Japan, and Italy sign Anti-Comintern Pact
1937 Panay incident
Tensions Arise
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America focused on Europe
Only real Japanese threat in the Pacific
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere- Japanese version of the Monroe Doctrine
1941 Japan ready to invade the East Indies and present day Vietnam- this would
give Japan entire Asian coast line and oil rich nations of the South Pacific
Steps Towards War: U.S. (Pacific)
FDR is forced to act places embargo on trade, froze Japanese assets in U.S.
banks, barred shipments of scrap iron and oil to Japan
Pearl Harbor
Why Pearl Harbor
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Cut U.S. interest in Pacific
Entire Pacific Fleet stationed here
Open gateway to U.S. western seaboard
Keep U.S. out of Europe
Force U.S. to end embargo
“The Day That Will Live In Infamy” Dec. 7, 1941
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Japanese planes bombed the harbor in hopes of destroying all 22 of the major
ships and 200 airplanes
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Only 19 ships in harbor- 3 aircraft carriers were out on maneuvers
All ships and planes in harbor area were sunk or damaged- Japanese viewed as a
success, however
Attack of Pearl Harbor
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Japanese failed the attack missing the three aircraft carriers, didn’t damage dry
docks, sub-base or fuel depots
Attack succeeded in arousing public fear of invasion- 1942 Rose Bowl moved to
North Carolina
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Also succeeded in unifying public into going to war
U.S. Declares War
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December 8th 1941 U.S. declares war on Japan, three days later Germany and
Italy declare war on the United States in retaliation
FDR, “Yesterday, December 7,1941 was a day that will live in infamy.” in his
declaration on war
Propaganda
Propaganda
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Ideas that are spread by any mode of communication to further a cause of to inhibit
or cause damage to another cause
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Similar to censorship because the purpose of each is to support some cause, but
censorship doesn’t try to convey a specific message
Propaganda
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What is the purpose of propaganda?
How does if affect the U.S. war effort?
Do we really need propaganda?
Does propaganda really work?
Review
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The U.S. finally enters the war with public support, to keep up public support and
moral propagandist measures are taken
U.S. prepares for war by employing the idea of total war, every aspect of the home
front contributed to the war effort, which in turn sped up the process for many
changes
War: European Theater
We Begin in North Africa
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Hitler controls all of Europe
First priority is to get to Southeastern Europe – to alleviate pressure off of Stalin in
the east
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Easiest way there is through N. Africa
„ Battle of El Alamien
„ Rommel, Montgomery, Eisenhower
„ Tuskegee Airmen
Next on to Italy
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Goal is S.E. Europe
Italy pretty easy going – people are sick of Mussolini and allow for the allied
invasion
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Hitler gets scared and sends his troops there and turns in to a +2 year battle – SE.
Europe isn’t going to be achieved and Stalin needs a Western Front…but how can
we get into France
Here’s How!!!
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Operation Overlord a.k.a. D-Day
General Eisenhower's plan to open up the Western Front
But we need secrecy – Hitler is no idiot, he knows we are coming, but where, only
Ike knows
Secrecy Achieved
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Hitler thinks we will attack at Calais – the shortest point across the English
Channel
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So Ike chooses a different site, one with cliffs and exposed beaches, rough seas
and an area known for it’s storms
Secrecy Again
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We send little midget, plastic dummy paratroopers out at Calais the night before to
get Hitler to send his troops there… meanwhile…. we are dropping real
paratroopers behind Normandy to cut communications, transportation routes and
maybe, hopefully take out a few guns and things
D-Day
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June 6, 1944
With the aid of paratroopers we hope to arrive on at the following beaches with the
least amount of trouble; Juno, Utah, Gold, Sword, and Omaha.
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D-Day is the largest sea/land mission ever
But we didn’t do it alone, the Brits and Aussies did their part also
This ain’t no normal trip to the beach
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All beaches with the exception of Omaha meet little resistance
Omaha meets heavy gunfire and we lost 1000 Americans that first day
Problems of the day – Paratroopers were scattered everywhere, high/rough seas
Achievements of D-Day
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Western Front open – Stalin can wipe his brow and Hitler can start to hide
France has hope for a liberated Paris which happens on Aug 25, 1944
Getting there isn’t easy and going further will be more difficult than imagined at
times
Battle of the Bulge
Battle of the Bulge
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Takes place at the Ardennes Forest on the French-German Border
Forest + Bullets + Bombs = Many wooden missiles
Hitler is hoping for a last ditch offensive to buy him so more time
Allied lines bend but do not break
Hitler’s days are numbered
War: Pacific Theater
War in the Pacific
Major Battles
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Coral Sea – May 7-8 1942
Midway – June 3-6 1942
Guadalcanal – Aug 1942- Feb 1943
Iwo Jima – Feb-Mar 1945
Okinawa – Apr-June 1945
Island Hopping
Leaders
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MacArthur
Nimitz
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Yamamoto
Hirohito
Navajo Code Talkers
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Unbreakable code used in the Pacific
Without it the war in the Pacific would have been greatly prolonged and with a
possible different outcome
Japanese Fighting Style
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Hospitals and Corpsman
The Hidden Enemy
The Art of War
Chinese and American Victims
Bataan Death March
Battle at Iwo Jima
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Fighting the unseen
120,000 total involved on both sides for 36 days
American Causalities 26,000 Japanese 21,000 (there were only 22,000 there)
Key island for the B-29 bombers
“The Picture That Will Live Forever”
The Raising of the Flag
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The second flag raising
Picture taken by Joe Rosenthal
Those in picture not proud, “The real heroes never left the island”
Immediate heroes at home, those that survived ordered to generate support for
war bonds back home
Immortalized in Washington D.C.
War: On the Home Front
U.S. Prepares for War
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GNP (Gross National Product- the total dollar number of all goods produced in the
U.S.) raises from $91 billion in 1939 to $166 billion in 1945
War Productions Board prohibits new cars and trucks to be produced for the public
Office of War Mobilization controlled everything else from petroleum, rubber, steel,
aluminum, copper and more.
Total War
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Total war is when nearly all aspects of a nation are mobilized for war,
concentrating mainly on industry, manufacturing, and the economy
Total war speeds up the process of change, especially in technology, and social
issues
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Also changes in medicine
U.S. Prepares for War
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Big “3” automakers generated 20% of all war goods
War preparations bring about change by bringing day care, higher wages, and
benefits.
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Jobs were available to just about anyone.
Rationing
„ Ma, Pa, Grandpa, “victory” gardens, car pooling, volunteer at hospitals
„ young kids- “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers” & “Tin-Can Colonels”
„ Also rationed rubber(tires), oil, fat(grease), and all types of food.
Japanese Internment Camps
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Out of fear, after Pearl Harbor, all Japanese Americans were rounded up and
placed in camps so that we could keep our eyes on them.
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Nisei Battalion
Stars in the Windows
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Blue – Serving, Gold – Served and died
Migration
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Great urban migration
People flocked to coast and southern cities
African Americans left the South in tremendous numbers and took jobs in the
industrial centers in the North and along the coasts
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1940 7 million unemployed, by 1944 there was virtually zero unemployment
Rosie the Riveter
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12 million men were fighting
Women went to work
Women needed the money and had the time to work
Social Roles
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Women were expected to leave the workplace for the home after the war
Many still believed that the role of all women was barefoot, pregnant and in the
kitchen
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Many minorities also filled the holes in the workforce but didn’t reap the same
benefits
Fear & Hatred
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Jobs did not necessarily equal a change in status
America still very racists, a job didn’t change the fact that you were African
American, Hispanic or Asian
Internment Camps
The Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project
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FDR dies and Harry S Truman takes over
Truman knew nothing of Manhattan Project
Was kept out of the loop
The Manhattan Project
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Started even before the war
Millions spent on project through secret funds
Started at U. of Chicago
Underground explosion
Moved to New Mexico to test in Desert
July 16, 1945 first successful test
Truman a new a revived man at Potsdam Conference
War: Negotiating Peace
Peace in Europe (V-E Day)
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End of war in Europe comes shortly after Hitler’s death.
We allow the Soviet army into Berlin first.
War in Europe over on May 8, 1945
The Bomb is Dropped (Twice)
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First on Hiroshima on Aug 6 1945
Second on Nagasaki on Aug 9 1945
Peace Treaty signed on Sept. 3 1945 aboard the U.S.S. Missouri
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Atomic bomb vs. Firebombing and invasion.
V-J Day
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Day the war with Japan ends, Aug 14, 1945
Treaty signed on the Battleship Missouri.
War is officially over…with some never knowing?
Holocaust
Kristallnacht
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Night of Broken Glass
Jewish storefronts are broken out, trashed and looted. Synagogues were burned.
Formation of the Ghetto
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Shortly after the invasion of Poland all Jews were rounded up and put in the
ghetto.
The reason for this was to give Hitler time to build the concentration camps.
When the camps were finished the Jews were moved again, for most, this was
there last move.
Camp Life
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Slave labor, literally worked to death.
Dr. Mengele – Angel of Death
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FINAL SOLUTION – Hitler’s final destination for the Jews and others whom he
disliked was death. Goal to kill them all as efficiently as possible.
Holocaust and Genocide
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Approximately 6 million Jews died because of the Holocaust.
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Also almost another 6 million Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, homosexuals, and
others were also killed.
Leads to the formation of Israel
Worst camps were Auschwitz, Dachau, and Buchenwald
Total Costs of War
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25 million troops died, 30 million civilians.
Yalta – The Big Three
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U.S. – FDR
U.K. – Churchill
U.S.S.R. – Stalin
All trying to decide how to rebuild Europe.
„ Major sticking points are Germany and Berlin
Nuremberg Trials
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Trial that tried 22 Nazi officials for crimes against humanity during war.
12 were hung, some committed suicide, others received prison time.
Trials showed these men weren’t monsters.
Arsenic poisoning…
Outcomes of WWII
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U.S. vs. U.S.S.R. – beginning of the Cold War
„ Space race
„ Cuba
Communist block
„ Berlin Wall
„ Domino Theory leads to Korea and Vietnam
Nuclear Age ushered in