Download Observational Learning and Personality

GPC 150
Psychology of Learning
Social Learning
Theory
Unit 7
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCC
Spring 2017
Personal Improvement Project
Presentation and Report Guide
The purpose of this is to provide you with
information that can be used to make the
preparation of your PIP presentation and
report and bit easier. The material contained
herein should be consider the minimum and
you are encouraged to become as creative as
you wish in making your presentation.
Selecting interesting colours, graphics and pictures
to help illustrate your efforts is strongly
encouraged.
The first page of your presentation should be
similar to the first page of your report…
Include:
Title of your presentation
The authors
The date and the following statement:
This presentation is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for
GPC 150
Psychology of Learning
METU-NCC
Spring 2017
The next page is an example……
Personal Improvement Project Report:
(insert topic like “weight loss”)
Prepared by
Dean Owen
17 April, 2017
This presentation is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for
GPC 150
Psychology of Learning,
METU-NCC
Spring 2017
My Behavioral Goal
(Please provide a complete behavioral objective
that describes your goal for this project. It should
follow the form illustrated and discussed in class.
The objective should be:
1.
2.
3.
4.
…an immediate objective (not ultimate)
…a product objective….(not process)
…a behavioral (as opposed to an implicit)
…either restricted of inclusive… )
Reason(s) I Selected This Goal
(Please provide and complete justification for why
you chose this particular project and discuss your
levels of motivation for or need to achieving this
goal.)
Techniques and Strategies Used
(In this section please describe the
SPECIFIC techniques or strategies you
used in attempting to achieve your goal….you
may mention anything that you employed to
help you make change occur. Examples
would include self-monitoring techniques,
reading materials, behavioral rehearsal,
systems of reward or punishment, obtaining
instruction from someone else, ad infinitum.)
Evidence of Change or Personal Growth
(Here is where you present charts, graphs,
photos, videos, written logs, running times, a
live performance or any other evidence of
change you have collected throughout this
process. This will document the degree of
progress or lack of it during this project.)
My estimate of Success
10 Highly Successful
9
8
7
6
5 Average success
4
3
2
1 Little of no success
?
How satisfied are You with Your Progress?
(In this section please discuss how you feel
about your success or lack of success in
achieving your stated goal. Also provide a
discussion of the reasons for your success or
lack of success.)
What did you learn from this experience
and what would you differently next time?
(This is an opportunity for you to discuss
whether you will continue to pursue change in
the future and how you will attempt to
accomplish this change.)
Questions
This is now your opportunity to invite class
participation by asking for questions or suggestions
from your colleagues…
References and Materials
Please provide a complete list of sources you
used in the planning, development and
creation of your presentation…..please insure
that it is prepared in APA format…..
Ancient Chinese Proverb
A picture is worth a thousand words?
Personal Graphing Techniques
Can a picture really be worth 1000 words?
Like many
psychometric
techniques….
this provides
structure and
organization for the
client and you!!
Graphing a Life
1.
Begin by drawing a horizontal line across a piece of paper.
2.
The left end of the line represents your birth and the right end
your current age.
3.
The area above the line represents positive events and the area
below represents adverse or negative events in your life.
4. Place dots at the significant moments in your life and label each
of these moments.
5. Finally, connect each of the dots to create a simple graph. You
may also draw vertical lines at important transitions times for
in your life.
6.
Please answer the following questions.
a. What made these experiences significant in your life?
b. What challenges did you encounter at these moments?
c. What did you do when you encountered these challenges?
d. What did you learn from these significant events?
e. What trends or patterns did you see from your lifeline?
General Format
Scale:__________________________
General Format
Dimensions
Insert a dimension
Scale: My self-confidence
Depression
Happiness
Success
Personal Health
Select descriptors
Family Relations
Expectations
Control of feelings
Friendships
Finances
Social life
Adjust as needed
Plan for the day….
1. Brief Review
2. Social Learning Theory
3. Self-Efficacy
Two theories of learning which emerged
from behaviorism were described by
A B C:
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
which was described as A B C
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
which was described as A B C
S
Black
Box
R
Since internal cognitive processes
could not be seen the behaviorists
tended to ignore them and they were
often referred to as Black Box
events….
S
R
S-R or R-S (associational learning)
fit the behaviorist’s view of
reality…..it was simple, logical,
neat, and easy to study in the
laboratory.
S
Black
Box
R
However it failed to explain much of human
learning. Bandura reasoned that learning is a
cognitive process that takes place in a social context
and can occur purely through observation or direct
instruction, even in the absence of motor
reproduction or direct reinforcement (Bandura,
1963).
Short Review
Human Learning: Looking for an Explanation
Pavlov
Classical
Conditioning
1901
Bandura
Social
Learning
Theory
1961
Skinner
Operant
Conditioning
1938
Dr. Albert Bandura (1925-
)
Education:
BA University of British Columbia, Canada in 1949
MA University of Iowa, US in 1951
Ph.D. University of Iowa, US, in 1952
Stanford University since 1953
In social learning theory Albert Bandura
(1977) adds an important component to
the understanding of human learning by
adding two important ideas.
1. Mediating processes occur between
stimulus and response and;
2. Behavior is learned from the
environment through the process of
observational learning.
Social Learning Theory
Bobo doll experiments
Some Key Definitions
Model: An event or person in a
child’s life which is emulated.
Assimilation: Internalizing thoughts,
beliefs and values to which one is
exposed.
Imitation: Behavioral emulation of
what is observed
Observational learning
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
New Ideas…..
Observational Learning (Modeling): Assimilation
of new behavior by watching and then imitating the
behavior of others.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Those individuals who are observed are called
models…
From these models come our earliest concepts of identity.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Those individuals who are observed are called
models…
From religion to politics……from antisocial to pro-social behavior.
Spheres of Influence
Playmates
School mates
Mom/Dad
Extended
Family
Who were/are
your models?
University and Work
Observational Learning: The basis for culture.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for culture.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for culture.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for culture.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for language.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for Social
Development.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for Social
Development.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning: The basis for Social
Development.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Watch and learn
Observational Learning and Personality
A foundation stone of the personality is the self-concept
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Observational Learning and Personality
All of these components arise through the process of assimilation
…observing the reaction of others to us or by assimilating the
messages from media to which we are constantly exposed.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Vicarious Reinforcement:
Learning that
occurs by observing rewards and punishments that
others receive.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Media provides us models and morality plays to
teach both socially appropriate AND socially
inappropriate behavior.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Social Learning Theory integrates
behavioral and cognitive ideas of
learning that permits an explanation of a
wide range of human behavior.
It is largely built upon the following
basic ideas…….
1. Learning is not purely behavioral;
rather, it is a cognitive process that takes
place in a social context.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
2. Learning can occur by observing
a behavior and by observing the
consequences of the behavior
(vicarious reinforcement)..
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
3. Learning involves observation, extraction of
information from those observations, and making
decisions about the performance of the behavior
(observational learning or modeling). Thus, learning
can occur without an observable change in behavior.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
4. Reinforcement plays a role in learning but is
not entirely responsible for learning.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
5. The learner is not a passive recipient of
information. Cognition, environment, and
behavior (CEB) all mutually influence each
other (reciprocal determinism).
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
Three forms of Modeling
Live model
in which an actual person is demonstrating the desired
behavior
Verbal instruction
in which an individual describes the desired behavior in
detail and instructs the participant in how to engage in the
behavior
Symbolic
in which modeling occurs by means of the media, including
movies, television, Internet, literature, and radio. Stimuli can
be either real or fictional characters.
Three forms of Modeling
Live model
in which an actual person is demonstrating the desired
behavior.
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Three forms of Modeling
Verbal instruction
in which an individual describes the desired behavior in
detail and instructs the participant in how to engage in the
behavior
Three forms of Modeling
Symbolic
in which modeling occurs by means of the media, including
movies, television, Internet, literature, and radio. Stimuli can
be either real or fictional characters.
Learning Styles Inventory
Visual
2
3
7
10
14
16
19
22
Total=___
Auditory
1
5
8
11
13
18
21
24
Total=___
Tactile
4
6
9
12
15
17
20
23
Total=___
Cognitive
and
behavioral
processes
in Social
Learning
theory
Cognitive and Behavioral
processes of SLT
Attention
Observers cannot learn unless they pay
attention to what's happening around
them. This process is influenced by
characteristics of the model, such as how
much one likes or identifies with the
model, and by characteristics of the
observer, such as the observer's
expectations or level of emotional arousal.
Cognitive and Behavioral processes of SLT
Retention/Memory
Observers must not only recognize the
observed behavior but also remember it at
some later time. This process depends on the
observer's ability to code or structure the
information in an easily remembered form or
to mentally or physically rehearse the model's
actions.
Cognitive and Behavioral processes of SLT
Reproduction
Observers must be physically and/intellectually
capable of producing the act. In many cases the
observer possesses the necessary responses.
But sometimes, reproducing the model's
actions may involve skills the observer has not
yet acquired. It is one thing to carefully watch a
circus juggler, but it is quite another to go home
and repeat those acts.
Cognitive and Behavioral processes of SLT
Motivation
The decision to reproduce (or refrain
from reproducing) an observed
behavior is dependent on the
motivations and expectations of the
observer, including anticipated
consequences and internal standards.
Copy Cat Behaviors
Bandura’s Bobo Doll
Study emphasized
the importance of
modeling and
imitation on a child’s
learning. This raises
the issue of the
impact of modern
media……
Bobo Doll Experiment
Media:
Movies
Television
Radio
Magazines
Who is Perfect?
Direct interaction with
living models has largely
been replaced with
media generated images
of what is ideal or what
captures the attention of
potential consumers...
Some of the effects are:
Effects of media
Fashion
Effects of media
Fashion
Russian
Bikers
https://youtu.be/zerCK0lRj
Effects of media
Body
Dysmorphia
…but
where
could it
come
from?
Body dysmorphic disorder is a type of
chronic mental illness in which you can't stop thinking about
a flaw in your appearance — a flaw that is either minor or
imagined. But to you, your appearance seems so shameful
that you don't want to be seen by anyone.
Effects of media
Violence
Effects of violence
Effects of media
Sexism
Copy Cat Behaviors
Copy Cat Behaviors
Copy Cat Behaviors
A copycat suicide is defined as an emulation of another suicide that
the person attempting suicide knows about either from local
knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on
television and in other media.
A spike of emulation suicides after a widely publicized suicide is
known as the Werther effect, following Goethe's novel The Sorrows
of Young Werther/
The well-known suicide serves as a model, in the absence of
protective factors, for the next suicide. This is referred to as suicide
contagion.
Suicide emulation
Halgin, Richard P.; Susan Whitbourne (January 2006). Abnormal Psychology with MindMap II CD-ROM and
PowerWeb. McGraw-Hill. p. 62. ISBN 0-07-322872-9.
SES
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or
accomplish a task. One's sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one
approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.
References
Bandura, Albert (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York:
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Wile E. Coyote
says…..
“Class is over!”
Harika!!