Download Learning Theory Theorists (Alphabetical) Year Ideals Classroom

Learning
Theory
Theorists
(Alphabeti
cal)
Year
Ideals
Classroom Usage
Behaviorism- Focuses on the outward behavior of a person. First discovered by John Watson in 1912.
Behaviorist
John B.
1913- First
“Theoretical goal is the prediction and
Teachers can use classical conditioning in the
s-classical
Watson
published
control of behavior.”(Watson)
classroom by having student’s associate
conditioni
the article
Watson did not believe that people had a
positive emotional experiences with learning
ng
Psychology
consciousness, instead he believed that
and school.
as the
patterns of behavior were learned from
Example: Getting nervous when you see the
Behaviorists
experiences.
teacher holding out papers for a pop quiz or
Views It.
Supports nurture or nature.
exam.
Watson-"Give me a dozen healthy infants,
Try to make negative classical conditioning
well-formed, and my own specified world to
extinct by: Create a positive classroom
bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take
environment
any one at random and train him to
Treat students with respect and dignity. Present
become any type of specialist I might select
subjects or tasks in a nonthreatening manner.
- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and,
yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless
of his talents, penchants, tendencies,
abilities, vocations and the race of his
ancestors”. (Watson, 1924, p. 104)
Similar to Pavlov’s research on classical
conditioning ( 1902)
Little Albert Experiment (Phobias)
Behavioris
Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980)
Theory is based on the idea that a
Students experiences their environment using
ms
developing child builds cognitive structures,
whatever mental maps they have
mental “maps, for understanding and
constructed.
responding to physical experiences within
Teachers must develop appropriate curriculum
their own environment. Over time a child’s
that enhances their students’ logical and
mental structure increases in sophistication
conceptual growth.
with development. There Are Three Basic
To emphasize instruction teachers can focus
Components To Piaget's Cognitive Theory:
on student’s experiences. Take into account
Schemas
the role
(building blocks of knowledge)
Learning through discovery is during the
Adaptation processes that enable the
concrete and formal operations. Teachers
transition from one stage to another
encourage students to repeat behaviors over
(equilibrium, assimilation and
and over, pushing their limits to learn and
accommodation)
master things just beyond their ability. They
Stages of Development: There are 4
must base their knowledge on things they
developmental stages of Piaget’s model
already know and then reinforce it.
and the processes through them are:
Teacher give information and instruction in
Sensorimotor stage
familiar content and then proceed to build
(birth - 2 years old)
upon it with new material by using activities
Preoperational stage
students can understand to reinforce the
(ages 2 - 7)
lesson. Use real props and action to teach
Concrete operations
instead of just lecturing and giving written
(ages 7 - 11)
instructions.
Formal operations
(beginning at ages 11 - 15)
When a child's existing schemas are
capable of explaining what it can perceive
around it, it is said to be in a state of
Source
http://psychclassi
cs.yorku.ca/Wats
on/views.htm
http://www2.rarit
anval.edu/depart
ments/Humanities
SocSci/PartTime/Wolfe/Powe
rPoint_as_PDF/Ed
Psych/Classical%2
0Conditioning.pdf
http://www.simpl
ypsychology.org/
classicalconditioning.html
http://www.simpl
ypsychology.org/
piaget.html
Publications by
theorists
Behaviorisms (Book)
Psychology as the
Behaviorists Views it
(Article, 1913)
equilibrium, i.e. a state of cognitive (i.e.
mental) balance. (
http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.ht
ml)
Assimilation and Accommodation
Jean Piaget (1952; see also Wadsworth,
2004) viewed intellectual growth as a
process of adaptation (adjustment) to the
world. This happens through:
Assimilation
– Which is using an existing schema to deal
with a new object or situation.
Accommodation
– This happens when the existing schema
(knowledge) does not work, and needs to
be changed to deal with a new object or
situation.
Equilibration
–This is the force, which moves development
along. Piaget believed that cognitive
development did not progress at a steady
rate, but rather in leaps and bounds.
Equilibrium occurs when a child's schemas
can deal with most new information through
assimilation. However, an unpleasant state
of disequilibrium occurs when new
information cannot be fitted into existing
schemas (assimilation).
Equilibration is the force which drives the
learning process as we do not like to be
frustrated and will seek to restore balance
by mastering the new challenge
(accommodation).
Behavioris
msOperant
Conditioni
ng
B.F. Skinner
( The Father
of Operant
Conditionin
g)
1938- 48
Once the new information is acquired the
process of assimilation with the new schema
will continue until the next time we need to
make an adjustment to it.
Skinner believed that the best way to
understand behavior is to look at the causes
of an action and its consequences. This
approach is called Operant Conditioning.
Based on the work of Thorndike (1905).
Behavior that is reinforced tends to be
repeated; behavior which is not reinforced
tends to die out or be extinguished.
B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant
conditioning; it means roughly changing of
behavior by the use of reinforcement which
Applies to issues or classroom management. It
is relevant to shaping skill performance.
Positive reinforcements in behavior
modification include providing complements,
approval, encouragement, and affirmation.
http://www.bfskin
ner.org/behavior
alscience/definition
/
The Behavior of
Organisms, my
Science and Human
Behavior, and
Schedules of
Reinforcement
is given after the desired response. Skinner
identified three types of responses or
operant that can follow behavior.
• Neutral operants: responses from the
environment that neither increase nor
decrease the probability of a behavior
being repeated.
• Reinforcers: Responses from the
environment that increase the probability of
a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can
be either positive or negative.
• Punishers: Response from the environment
that decrease the likelihood of a behavior
being repeated. Punishment weakens
behavior.
Edward
Thorndike
(1898)
Thorndike used animals (usually cats) to test
the laws of learning.
“Law of effect” states that any behavior
that is followed by pleasant consequences is
likely to be repeated, and any behavior
followed by a unpleasant consequences is
likely to be stopped.
http://www.simpl
ypsychology.org/
edwardthorndike.html