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Zoology
Introduction
Zoology
• Is the study of animals, has many subdivisions
based on specific areas of interest.
• All members of the Kingdom Animalia are
multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic
organisms.
Invertebrate Zoology
• Is the study of multicellular animals without
backbones.
* Entomology- study of insects
* Myrmecology- study of ants
* Apiology- study of honey bees
* Malacology- study of mollusks
* Conchology- study of mollusk shells
Vertebrate Zoology
• Is the study of animals with backbones.
* Ichthyology- study of fish
* Herpeteology- study of amphibians and
reptiles.
* Ornithology- study of birds
* Mammalogy- study of mammals
* Cetology- study of marine mammals
* Primatology- study of primates
Morphology
• Is the study of the shape, form, and structure
of animals and their parts.
Comparative anatomy
• Is the study of the similarity and differences in
the anatomy of different groups of animals.
• Structures are Homologous if they have arisen
from the same ancestral structure, but
perform either similar or different functions in
modern animals. Examples are the wings of
birds, the human arm, and the forelimb of
whales.
• Analogous structures have developed from
different ancestral structures, but perform
similar functions. Examples are the wings of
birds and the wings of insects.
Germ layers
• Layers of cells that originate in the developing
embryo and become specific structures in the
animal are known as germ layers.
• Ectoderm- the outer layer which forms the
body covering. Ecto-outer
• Mesoderm- the middle layer which forms the
organs inside the body. Meso-middle
• Endoderm- the inner layer which forms the
lining inside the body cavity. Endo- inner
Body Types
• There are 4 body types defined by the
presence or absence of a coelom, or body
cavity. The body types below are arranged
from least complex to most complex:
– Acoelomate with only two germ layers, ectoderm
and endoderm. (Hydra)
– Acoelomate with three germ layers, ectoderm
mesoderm, and endoderm. (Flatworms)
• Pseudocoelomate- with a “cavity” forming
between the mesoderm and the endoderm.
(roundworms)
• Coelomate, with a true body cavity forming
within the mesoderm. (segmented worms,
freshwater muscles, all Arthropods, and all
Chordates.)
Taxonomy
• Is the science of naming and classifying
organisms on the basis of their evolutionary
relationships. Visible traits are most often
used for this classification.
Binomial System
• Developed by Linnaeus
• Two-name system
• Each organism has a genus and a
species name
• First name (genus); second name
(species)
Scientific naming rules
1st name = Genus
–Always capitalized
• 2nd name = species
– Always lower case
• Both names are underlined or
written in italics.
Seven taxonomic ranks
• Kingdom- kings
–Phylum- play
• Class- cards
–Order- on
»Family- fat
» Genus- green
»
Species- stools
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
Binomial nomenclature
• Humans
Homo sapiens
or
Homo sapiens
• In addition to the basic 7 categories above,
many other taxonomic ranks exist ( subphyla,
superclasses, subspecies, etc)
THREE DOMAIN’S
• There are 3 major evolutionary lineages. Each is
called a Domain which supercedes the Kingdom
as the broadest taxonomic grouping.
• The Domains are:
– The Archea- prokaryotic microbes that inhabit
extreme, anerobic environments, such as high
temperature rift valleys on the ocean floor and those
with high salt or acid contents.
– The Eubacteria- true bacteria, which are prokaryotic
as well.
– Prokaryotic- do not have a true nucleus or membrane
bound organelles.
• The Eucarya- All eucaryotic organisms, that is,
the protists, fungi, plants and animals.
• Eucaryotic organisms arose about 1.5 billion
years ago, probably through the fusion of
several specialized microbes into a larger,
unspecialized one.
Animal species
• There are about 1.5 million named species.
*These are divided into approximately 34 phyla,
based on the complexity of their body.
* All 34 phyla contain invertebrates, even the
phylum Chordata.
* 94% of all animal species are invertebrates.
*82% of all animal species are Arthropods.
* 3% of all animals are in the phylum Chordata.
* 0.03% of all animals are mammals.
Animal Group Names
• You may have heard of a gaggle of geese, a
plaque of locusts, and a school of fish. But
how do you refer to a group of foxes, frogs, or
owls?
• See list!