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Heart and Circulation
The heart plays an important role in physical performance.
The table below shows the response of a student’s heart to exercise.
Activity level
Rest
Maximal Exercise
Heart Rate (bpm)
50
200
Stroke Volume
(ml)
Cardiac Output
(L)
100
160
A
B
1. Define the term cardiac output and calculate the values for A and B, showing
all calculations used. (3)
2. Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the cardiac cycle.
(4)
3. Give two mechanisms by which a large percentage of cardiac output is
distributed to the working muscles during exercise. Explain why this
distribution occurs. (4)
In order to improve performance, Physical Education students need an
understanding of the structure and function of the heart.
1. A fit 18 year old student participates in a fun run and runs five miles in 35
mins. Sketch a graph to show changes in heart rate prior to, during and for a
10 minute recovery period. (4)
2. Explain the effects of the release of adrenalin on heart rate prior to exercise
and why it is beneficial to the student. (3)
3. Changes in heart rate are mainly controlled by the neural system, but two
other factors influence heart rate. Describe the other two control mechanisms
and explain their contribution to heart rate control.(4)
Walls of arterioles and veins are similar in structure and comprise three layers.
However, because of the specific function of each vessel they do vary slightly in their
make-up.
1. Draw and label a diagram showing the basic structure of a blood vessel wall and
describe the structural differences between an arteriole and a vein. (5)
A vein has quite a large lumen and offers very little resistance to blood flow.
However, by the time blood enters the veins the blood pressure is low, and active
mechanisms are needed to ensure venous return.
1. Describe the mechanisms involved in venous return. (3
2. Explain the benefits of good venous return to an athlete. (3)