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BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• The double-headed eagle is
a common symbol in
heraldry.
• It is most commonly
associated with the
Byzantine Empire.
• In Byzantine heraldry, the
heads represent the dual
sovereignty of the Emperor
(secular and religious)
and/or dominance of the
Byzantine Emperors over
both East and West.
The Collapse of the Western Roman Empire
BYZANTIUM
BECOMES THE NEW ROME
Constantine I, renamed
the city Constantinople
and in the year 330 he
made it the capital of
the Empire.
Because of this, he is
thought of as the
founder of the Eastern
Roman Empire or the
Byzantine Empire.
Constantine built a new imperial residence at Byzantium for two main
reasons:
- In Byzantium he could respond to the danger of the Germanic tribes.
-To be close to his rich eastern provinces.
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•
•
•
Easy to defend
On a peninsula
Strong Walls
Surrounded by a
moat
CONSTANTINE I,
became a Roman emperor in 306
and ruled an ever-growing portion of
the Roman Empire until his death
337.
Constantine brought to an end 300
years of persecution, during which
Christians had to worship in secret and
faced arbitrary arrest and martyrdom in
the coliseums.
He is best remembered for :
• the Edict of Milan in 313, which fully
legalized Christianity in the empire.
• the Council of Nicaea in 325 which he
chaired.
These actions completely changed the
conditions under which Christians lived.
He inaugurated a new era, in which
Christians enjoyed the power and
patronage of the Roman state.
Constantine's Vision- Raphael
The Fifty Bibles of Constantine were Bibles in Greek
language commissioned in 331
Review Questions # 1
Q.-Why did Constantine decide to
create a new eastern capital for the
Roman Empire?
OBJECTIVES:
1. The rise of Emperor Justinian, his
achievements and life in Constantinople.
2. To characterize Byzantine education.
3. To identify the causes of the Byzantine
Empire’s collapse.
4. To explain why the Eastern and Western
churches created two traditions.
Procopius
The Secret History
In his official writing, court
historian Procopius described
Justinian as a serious, hardworking
ruler. But in “the secret history” he
portrayed Justinian as “cruel,
hypocritical, devious, two-faces
ruler”.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS:
Q. - How could a historian like Procopius give two
such a different accounts of the same person?
Which do you believe?
•
Justinian I
Procopius
JUSTINIAN I (482 – 565) : a new line of Caesars
Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Augustus
commonly known as
Justinian the Great,
was Byzantine Emperor from
527 to 565.
• During his reign, Justinian
decided to revive the
Empire's greatness and
reconquer the lost western
half of the classical Roman
Empire.
• Justinian and the next
Byzantine emperors exercise
absolute power as heads of
church and state.
JUSTINIAN ACHIEVEMENTS:
BUILDING THE NEW ROME
1. Justinian’s legal scholars created a uniform
code of laws based on Roman laws.
2. Justinian builds, repairs, and beautifies
buildings in Constantinople.
3. Constantinople bustles with commerce and
culture.
1) Justinian Code of Laws
The Body of the Law, was
organized into 4 parts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Code -(in Latin)
The Digest -(in Latin)
The Institutes - (in Latin)
The Novellae - (in Greek)
Review Question #2
Q.- Why do you think Justinian decided in the
late 520s that it was right time to reform the
Roman law? Think about: the situation of the
empire; the role of laws in societies; the state of
roman laws before reform.
Answer:
• The Byzantine Empire had a separate
government and character from that of the
West. It needed its own organized system of
laws to regulate the life in this new era.
Roman law was disorganized and
contradictory and so needed reform.
2) Justinian created a massive building program.
He built Constantinople into a great wealthy city with
markets, palaces, and churches.
Hagia Sophia
The name Hagia Sophia
comes from the Greek
Ἁγία Σοφία and means
Holy Wisdom.
The emperor Justinian
gave two scientists Isidorus and Anthemius the task of designing
Hagia Sophia (AD 532 - 537),
which was to be the new
cathedral of Constantinople.
The two scientists
started their
design by dividing
the square-shaped
church into three
rectangles:
A pendentive (as shown in
green) enables the
construction of a circular
dome over a square room or
an elliptical dome over a
rectangular room.
Hagia Sophia was build
for five years and is the
supreme masterpiece of
Byzantine architecture.
Small arched windows
were cut into the base of
the dome and the dome
was reinforced with ribs
and buttresses.
For support, smaller half
domes were placed
against the arches.
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
HIPPODROME
The hippodrome offered wild chariot
races and circus acts.
It could held about 60,000 spectators.
MOSAICS
The church was richly decorated with
mosaics throughout the centuries. They
either depicted the Virgin Mother, Jesus,
saints, or emperors and empresses.
Other parts were decorated in a purely
decorative style with geometric patterns.
Review Questions # 3
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What is an “icon”?
Who banned the use of icons?
Who restored icons to Eastern churches?
Explain the meanings of “iconoclast” and
“excommunication”.
3. BIZANTIUM WAS LEARNING CENTER
The University in Constantinople taught Greek, Latin, rhetoric,
medicine, history, philosophy and geometry to women as well as
men. Byzantine students helped preserve classic works of Greek
and Roman literature.
CYRILLIC ALPHABET
• In 9th century the two
brothers Cyril & Methodius
invented the Cyrillic
alphabet for the Slavic
languages.
• With an alphabet , Slavs
would be able to read the
Bible in their own tongue.
• An important Slavic nation
was forming.
March 24
The University of Sofia “Kliment Ohridsky”
Review Questions #4
Q.- Why do you think governments so often
build magnificent buildings like Hagia Sophia?
Q.- What were some important features of life in
Constantinople?
Q.-Who invented the Cyrillic alphabet and what
was its purpose?
EMPRESS THEODORA -500-548
Review Questions #5
Q.- Theodora was considered as one of the
most powerful woman in Byzantine history.
Make a small research and found out why she
was so influential and powerful?
Q.-Compare Theodora with Hatshepsut, the
female pharaoh of Egypt. What makes these
women similar and different?
THE CHURCH SPLIT
1. Differences between the
Eastern and Western churches
divide Christianity into two
separate traditions.
2. Missionaries convert many
Slavs to Eastern Orthodox
Christianity.
Differences Between Two Christian Traditions
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
• Services are conducted in Latin.
• Services are conducted in Greek or
local languages.
• The pope has authority over all other
bishops.
• The patriarch and other bishops head
the church as a group.
• The pope claims authority over all
kings and emperors.
• The emperor claims authority over
the patriarch and other bishops of the
empire.
• Priests may not marry.
• Priests may be married.
• Divorce is not permitted.
• Divorce is permitted under certain
conditions.
Review Questions # 6
Q.- Which church seemed to allow for greater
diversity among its members? Why?
Q.- Who would have more political power: the
pope or the patriarch?
Q.-How do you think the schism in the church
might affect political relations between the
Byzantine Empire and western Europe?
The Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• In 542 an Illness destroys a huge percentage
of Byzantium’s population- the bubonic
plague.
• Centuries of foreign attacks from East and
West reduce the Byzantine Empire- 1453
Review Questions #7
Q.- Which people attacked the Byzantine
Empire? What part of the empire did they
invade?
Q.- Use the cluster web like one below and
explain why did Byzantium fell?
Why did
Byzantium
fell?