Download This presentation copy is provided with the complements of

This presentation copy is provided with the complements of:
Compa Cottage
Comber Road
Kinver
Stourbridge
DY7 6HT
Tel: 01384 872283
Mob: 07970 114649
Email: [email protected]
Web: Sospitas.co.uk
Mission
"To become the first point of enquiry for all
of our clients' training and consultancy
needs by embedding superior quality and
performance into the delivery of all of our
products".
Chris Jones – Director
BSc (Hons.) Dip2.OSH CMIOSH
MOTIVATION
&
INFLUENCING
BEHAVIOUR
Presented by
Chris Jones – BSc Dip2.OSH CMIOSH
© Sospitas Ltd.
DEFINITION: MOTIVATION
 internal state or condition that activates behaviour and
gives it direction;
 desire or want that energises and directs goal-oriented
behaviour;
 influence of needs and desires on the intensity and
direction of behaviour.
 the arousal, direction, and persistence of behaviour.
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SOURCES OF MOTIVATIONAL NEEDS
MOTIVATION
EXTRINSIC
INTRINSIC
OPERANT CONDITIONING
COGNITION
SOCIAL COGNITION
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AFFECT
BIOLOGY
CONATION
SPIRITUALITY
COGNITIVE THEORIES
 Expectancy Theory
MOTIVATION
=
EXPECTANCY
x
INSTRUMENTALITY
x
VALENCY (VALUE)
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COGNITIVE THEORIES
 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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Behaviourism
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in and
I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train
him to become any type of specialist I might select
- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chief, and yes,
even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations,
and the race of his ancestors”
(From Behaviourism, John Watson, 1924)
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Behaviourism
 Goal was to explain complex behaviour in
terms of learning from simple behaviour
 Logic: if you can control the simple behaviour,
and have a theory of learning, you can predict
complex behaviour.
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Extinction
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
When pairing of conditioned and
unconditional stimulus stops

Association weakens – conditioned
response less frequent until
disappears
IVAN
PAVLOV
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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© Sospitas Ltd.
Operant Conditioning
Developed by B F Skinner
Behaviour is changed by consequences

Manipulate environment-change behaviours

By shaping successive approximations to
desired behavior

Deterministic theory with NO FREE WILL

Personality = group of responses to
environment
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OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
• POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a
behaviour by administering a reward
• NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing
a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus
when a behaviour occurs
• PUNISHMENT = decreasing a behaviour by
administering an aversive stimulus following a
behaviour OR by removing a positive
stimulus
• EXTINCTION = decreasing a behaviour by
not rewarding it
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Skinner Box

Subject segregated from all irrelevant
environmental influences

Only stimuli were controlled by experimenter

Reinforcement rates & schedule were
measured

Positive-food, negative-electro shock

Evolved into teaching machines and self-paced
teaching regimens
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© Sospitas Ltd.
© Sospitas Ltd.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Consequences of behaviour will
either strengthen or weaken the
behaviour

Consequences = effect of the
behaviour

Learning come through trial and error

Learn to do actions which bring
rewards-help avoid pain
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The A – B – C of Behavioural Learning
Antecedents
Consequences
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Behaviours
ABC model of behaviour
Consequences
Antecedents
Behaviour
Outcome of the
behaviour for the
individual that influences
the likelihood that the
behaviour will be
repeated
Causal event (trigger)
preceding the behaviour
Observable thing that
someone does or doesn’t
do
A
Hear telephone ringing
B
Lift telephone receiver
C
Have an interesting
conversation with a
friend
A
Hear telephone ringing
B
Do not lift receiver, let the
answering machine pick
up message
C
Continue working
uninterrupted
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Antecedents
Behaviour
Consequences
Ear defenders supplied by
company
Required by company to
wear ear defenders in
specific areas
Knowledge of potential
damage to hearing if ear
defenders are not worn
Signs highlight areas where
defenders are needed
Noisy environment
…etc.
Wearing ear defenders in
noisy environments
Reduces the likelihood of
hearing loss in the future
Less likely to get into trouble
with management for not
wearing ear defenders
Difficulty hearing their radio
Discomfort of wearing ear
defenders
…etc.
Peers do not wear ear
defenders
Knowledge that rules on
wearing ear defenders are
not enforced
…etc.
Not wearing ear defenders
in noisy environments
Impaired hearing in the
future
Avoid discomfort of wearing
defenders
Able to hear better in the
noisy environment
…etc.
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Consequences that increase behaviour
Positive reinforcement
Negative
reinforcement
Receive something
that you want
Avoid something you
do not want
Consequences that decrease behaviour
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Punishment
Punishment
Receive something
you do not want
Lose something you
have or want
Some examples of possible consequences of wearing ear defenders
Reinforcing
consequence
Timeframe
Predictability
Significance
Avoid hearing loss
Distant
Uncertain
Important to
individual
Avoid conflict with
manager
Distant
Uncertain
Unimportant to
individual
Discomfort
Soon
Certain
Important to
individual
Difficult to hear radio
Soon
Certain
Important to
individual
Punishment
© Sospitas Ltd.
Some examples of possible consequences of not wearing ear defenders
Reinforcing
consequence
Avoid discomfort of
wearing ear
defenders
Improved sensory
information
Timeframe
Predictability
Significance
Soon
Certain
Important to
individual
Soon
Certain
Important to
individual
Distant
Uncertain
Important to
individual
Punishment
Impaired hearing in
the future
© Sospitas Ltd.
A Behaviour modification programme
1. Establish desired
result
2. Specify critical
behaviours
No
Alter the antecedents
Change equipment,
environment or systems,
provide training, etc
3. Can target
group perform
behaviour?
Yes
4. Conduct ABC analysis
No
Are the
necessary antecedents
in place?
Yes
5. Alter consequences to
reinforce desired behaviour
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6. Evaluate impact
via change in
behaviour and result
MOTIVATION
&
INFLUENCING
BEHAVIOUR
Presented by
Chris Jones – BSc Dip2.OSH CMIOSH
© Sospitas Ltd.