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Getting Started
as a New NatioJ].
UNIT 4
1793-1860
Chapter 10' 1793-1823
The Young Republic
Chapter 11 • 1793-1830
The Sections
of the Nation
Chapter 12 • 1816-1844
The Spread
of Democracy
Chapter 13 • 1800-1860
American Life
1800-1860
CHAPTER
10
The Young Republic
Years 1793-1823
Jay's Treaty
Whiskey Rebellion
1794
elected presiden t
James Madison
elected pres ident
British marched on
Washington, D .C.
Treaty of Ghent signed
1800
1808
1814
Thomas Jefferson
John Adams
elected president
Louisiana Purchase
War of
1812 began
Monroe Doctrine
1796
1803
1812
1823
1_-"_--'--......
Louisiana
Purchase
1. Washington's Second Term
Learn these important terms:
Republican Party
political parties
Federalist Party
neutral
Farewell Address
Whiskey Rebellion
Remember the main idea:
T he Founding Fathers created a
good government for the United
States. The Constitution was working,
and Congress was passing important
laws. George Washington, a great
leader, helped to guide the country
through its early years. The nation
was growing in size and strength.
Life for Americans had improved in
many ways, but serious problems still
faced the young nation. Many of these
problems were based on America's
dealings with foreign governments. In
this chapter, you will see how a war in
Europe created problems for Americans. You will also see how conflicts
with Great Britain led to war.
As you read, you will learn about
three new presidents. You will learn
how they fit into the new political
scene. Americans with different ideas
had joined together to form two
groups. You will read about what each
group believed. You will see how the
beliefs of each group affected American government. You will also see
how the government handled the battles and wars of the early 1800s.
Would there be a lasting peace?
During Washington' s second term
as president, the United States was
able to stay out of war. Two political parties were formed . Americans
elected John Adams as the second
president.
Look for answers to these
questions:
1. How did Washington prevent
war with Great Britain?
2 . Why did a rehellion take place in
the West?
3. What were the two political parties? How were they different
from each other?
At the end of his first term as president,
George Washington did not want to run
for a second term. Most Americans, however, wanted him to remain president.
They believed that his leadership had
improved life in the country. Washington
finally agreed to run again . He was
reelected in 1792.
Although life within the United States
had improved, the nation had problems
with foreign governments. Sometimes
Chapter 10
211
George Washington (1732-]799) commanded the
Contmental Army during the Revolution . Later. he
became the first president of the United States.
Gilbert Stuart painted this famous unfinished portrait
of Washington.
Great Britain treated the United States
unfairly. Many British people still hoped
to win back their American lands. After
the Revolutionary War, the British had
promised to remove their forts from the
Northwest Territory. Now they refused to
remove them .
In addition, events in France created
problems in Europe and in the United
States. In 1789, during Washington's first
term, a revolution had begun in France.
The king and many nobles were killed.
Great Britain was worried about the
changes in France. The British thought
that revolutionary ideas might spread
to Great Britain. In 1793, at the beginning of Washington's second term, Great
Britain declared war against France.
212
UNIT 4
France had helped Americans during
the Revolutionary War. Now France expected help from the United States. Many
Americans, including Thomas Jefferson,
wanted the French to win the war. Others, like Alexander Hamilton, favored the
British. Washington wanted the United
States to stay out of the European war. He
thought that the young country needed
peace to grow strong. For this reason, he
announced that the United States was
n e utral (NOO-trul), or not taking sides in
the war.
The United States soon found that it
was not easy to stay neutral. One French
diplomat, or representative, tried to convince Americans to attack Canada and
capture British ships. Washington made
France stop such pressure. At the same
time, relations with Great Britain grew
worse. British ships sometimes captured
American ships that traded with France.
The British also suppUed guns to the indians in the Northwest Territory. War
between Great Britain and the United
States seemed Ukely. To prevent this war,
Washington sent John Jay to Great Britain
in 1794 to settle the differences between
the two nations .
John Jay worked out a treaty with the
British. Great Britain promised to give up
the forts in the Northwest Territory. However, the Britisb refused to stop capturing
American ships that traded with France.
Most Americans did not like Jay's Treaty.
The Senate barely approved it. Although
Washington did not like the treaty either,
he knew peace was important. He finally
signed Jay's Treaty.
A Rebellion in the West
Washington faced problems within the
United States as well . One important
problem occurred in western Pennsylvania . In the 1790s, only rough mountain
roads connected the West with the cities
along the Atlantic coast. Farmers in western Pennsylvania could not always carry
their grain to the market towns over these
roads. To make money, the farmers sometimes used their grain to make whiskey.
Whiskey was easier to transport, and it
brought a good profit.
In 1791, the federal government placed
a tax on whiskey. The farmers thought
that this tax was unfair, and they refused
to pay it. Tax collectors were often
attacked. One of them was tarred and
feathered. Since the local sheriffs could
not stop the attacks, the government
could not collect the tax.
Washington remembered the trouble
that Shays's Rebellion had caused. This
time he wanted the federal government to
take a strong stand against rebellions. In
1794, Washington led fifteen thousand
soldiers into western Pennsylvania. With
him rode Alexander Hamilton.
When the army marched into the area,
all the rebels ran away. No blood was
shed, but a few farmers were arrested
and given trials . The Whiskey Rebellion
showed the nation that the government
was able to enforce its laws.
Think : Many Americans opposed the treaty Jay made
with the British. Here, people are shown burning an
effigy. or doll, of Jay. Respond ' Why were feelings
about the treaty so strong?
Think : Organizing his troops at Fort Cumberland, Washington prepared to end the Whiskey Rebellion in
Pennsylvania. Other problems at home and abroad forced Washington to take a strong stand on several issues.
Respond : Why was it important for the young nation to have a strong president?
Federalists and Republicans
Although few disagreements caused as
much trouble as the Whiskey Rebellion,
Americans often disagreed about what
their government should do. At first they
disagreed about approving the Constitution. They also disagreed about slavery
and about the war in Europe. As their differences grew, Americans began forming
political parties, or groups of people who
share certain ideas about government.
President Washington did not want
political parties in the United States. He
was afraid that they might divide the
nation. For him, unity was very important.
During his second term, however, two
political parties were formed. One was
the Federalist Party. The other was the
Republican Party.
The leader of the Federalist Party was
Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists falIored a strong president and a strong central government. They wanted bankers,
landowners, and rich merchants to run
the country. They also wanted Great
Britain to win the war in Europe. The Federalist Party was popular in the New
England states.
The Republican Party leaders were
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
The Republicans did not want a strong
central government. They wanted the
states to have more power. They favored
planters, small farmers, and workers
in the cities. They wanted France to win
the war in Europe. The Republican Party
was strong in the southern states, in
Pennsylvania, and in New York.
Farewell to a President
Washington refused to run for president in 1796. The Federalists chose John
Adams , the vice president, to run for
president. The Republican Party chose
Thomas Jefferson. The election was very
close. Adams won, and Jefferson became
vice president.
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UNIT4
John Adams
(1735 - 1826), as
second president
of the United
States. worked to
avoid war with
France. Earlier in
his life. he helped
adopt the
Declaration of
Independence.
Before George Washington left office,
he gave a speech known as a Farewell
Address. In this speech, Washington told
Americans to be careful of disagreements
between pOlitical parties. He said that
unity was very important for the country.
He also said that the United States should
be careful in dealing with foreign countries. It was good to remain friendly with
foreign countries, Washington reasoned.
However, the United States should not
become deeply involved in the problems
of other countries.
When John Adams took office as president, the conflicts with Great Britain and
France were not yet settled. In the rest of
this chapter, you will read how those
problems grew much worse before they
were finally solved.
Section Review
1. What treaty kept the United
States out of war with Great
Britain? Why did some Americans dislike tbis treaty?
2. How did Wasbington put an end
to the Whiskey Rebellion?
3. What two political parties were
formed in the 1790s? In what
ways did they differ?
4. What points did Washington
make in bis Farewell Address?
KILLS FOCUS:
school. When someone objected , she
replied:
Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams , the wife of President
John Adams , wrote hundreds of letters in her seventy-four years. Many
of them have survived and give us an
idea of the daily lives of people of
that time. Her letters are a primary
source of information. Primary
sources are first-hand reports of
events or opinions . They are an
important tool for historians .
In 1796, as the time approached
for her to become First Lady, Abigail
Adams had worries about living in
the White House. She wrote to her
husband:
My dearest friend,
I should say that I have been so
used to a freedom ... that I know
not how to place so many guards
about me ... to look at every word
before I utter it, and to impose a
silence . .. when I long to talk.
This letter, a primary source, tells
you about the role Abigail Adams
thought she should playas the president' s wife. But Abigail Adams clid
not stop speaking her mind on matt e rs outside of the White House . In
1797 , she enrolled a black child in
My dear sir,
The boy is a freeman as much as
any of the young men, and merely
because his face is black, is he to
be denied instruction? How is he
to be qualified to procure a livelihood? ... I have not thought it any
clisgrace to myself to take him into
my parlor and teach him both to
read and write.
Abigail Adams's earlier letters
also talked about inclividual rights.
In 1776, she wrote to her husband
about the setting up of the new government of the United States:
. . . Remember the ladies and be
more generous to them than your
ancestors. Do not put such unliInited power in the hands of husbands. If particular care and attention is not paid to the laclies, we
are determined to foment rebellion, and will not be bound by any
laws in which we have no voice or
representation.
Answer the follOwing questions
about the letters.
o
III
What does Abigail Adams's
second letter tell you about how
blacks were often treated?
What does her third letter tell
you about most men' s attitude
toward rights for women at that
time? Does Abigail agree?
Chapter 10
215
2. Adams and Jefferson
Learn these important tenns:
Aljen Acts
Louisjana
PUTchase
expedition
Embargo Act
Seditjon Act
Unpressed
aliens
Remember the main idea:
Adams prevented war with France.
Jefferson purchased Louisiana and
tried to keep America out of war
with Great Britain.
Look for answers to these
questions:
1 . What unpopular laws were
passed under President Adams?
2 . How did Jefferson double the
size of the United States?
3 . What unpopular act did Congress
pass under President Jefferson?
During the early years of tbe nation,
American presidents had many difficulties dealing with Great Britain and
France. Washington kept the United
States out of war with Great Britain.
When Adams became president. trouble
broke out between the United States and
France. The French navy began to capture
American ships that traded with Great
Britain. president Adams sent three men
to France to try to settle this trouble.
The Americans wanted to see a French
leader named Talleyrand (TAH-lay-rahn).
He refused to see them unless they gave
him a large sum of money. In addition, he
wanted the United States to lend France
ten million dollars. Without this money.
216
UNIT4
France would continue its attacks on
American ships.
The French threat angered President
Adams and the American people. Instead
of paying the money, they started to prepare for war. The American army grew
from thirty-five hundred to ten thousand
men. The American navy added many
ships. They chased French ships away
from the Atlantic coast.
Some Americans wanted a war in order
to gain more land. Alexander Hamilton
wanted the United States to fight France
and its ally Spain. Hamilton thought the
United States could take away Spain's territories, Florida and Louisiana. Adams did
not agree to this plan. He continued to
work for peace until a new treaty was
signed. By 1801, the United States and
France were on friendly terms again.
The Alien and Se d ition A cts
In 1798. while the nation was preparing for war, the Federalists in Congress
passed some unpopular laws. Three of
these laws dealt with alien s (AY-lee-unzl.
people who had come from foreign lands
but were not yet American citizens. These
Alien Acts were aimed mainly at people
from France. One of the acts made it harder to become an American citizen. Another act gave the president the power to
force aliens to leave the country if he
thought they were dangerous. The third
act said the president would put aliens in
prison during wartime.
The law that caused the most trouble
was the S e dition Act (seh-DISH-un). This
law made it a crime to write or say anything against the government or the president. The Federalists used the Sedition
Act to silence Republican newspapers
that disagreed with them. The Republicans thought that this law went against
the Constitution, which promised freedom of speech and of the press.
crops down the river to New Orleans to be
sold. At that time, New Orleans was part
of the Spanish territory. This territory
stretched from the Mississippi River to
the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf
of Mexico to Canada. It was known as
Louisiana.
In 1801, Jefferson learned that Spain
was going to give this land back to
France. He knew that the French leader
Napoleon wanted to make Louisiana into
a French empire. Jefferson feared that the
French would not let Americans use the
port of New Orleans anymore . After the
French closed New Orleans to Americans
in 1802, he told Robert Livingston and
James Monroe to try to buy New Orleans
from France.
Meanwhile, Napoleon had given up his
hopes of an empire in Louisiana. lnstead,
he turned his attention to a plan to conquer Europe. When Monroe and Livingston offered him ten million dollars for
New Orleans, Napoleon offered to sell all
of Louisiana for fifteen million dollars.
This sale gave him money for his armies
and removed the threat to France from
British Canada .
Thomas Jefferson
(1743-1826)
wrote the
Declaration of
Independence.
Later, he became
the third
president of the
United States. He
w as an inventor
and a s upporter
of education.
The Third President of the
United State s
Thomas Jefferson, elected president in
1800, soon repealed, or stopped, many
Federalist laws. He lowered taxes. He
got rid of the tax that had started the
Whiskey Rebellion. When the Alien and
Sedition Acts expired, or ended, he did
not renew them. He released all the people who had been jailed under the Sedition Act.
During Jefferson's first term, thousands of farmers moved west to the lands
between the Appalachian Mountains and
the Mississippi River. They sent their
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
BRITISH
CANADA
ATLANT I C
DC E AN
taUSIANA
PA C ,,.-1 C
o C E AN
URCHASE.
"""
o
f
o
400 MI
.,.........,. ,
400 Km
Chapter 10
217
HISTORY MAKERS
- - - Sacajawea- - Guid e t o the American Northw est
"Captain
Lewis
Sacajawea rescued
must be crazy! He's
many items swept
bringing along a womoverboard.
an and a two-monthAs the expedition
old baby? What could
moved westward, Sahe be thinking?"
cajawea began to rec"He's not crazy. I
ognize landmarks from
heard him explaining it
her childhood. In Auto Captain Clark. She's
gust, the expedition
a Shoshone Indian
met a band of Shosho(s h 0 h - S H 0 H - nee) . L _ __~~::::~~__
nes. As Sacajawea beLewis hopes she can buy horses from
gan to interpret, she turned to the
the Shoshone to carry supp lies beShoshone chief. She stared for a
tween the Missouri and Columbia
moment, and then threw her arms
Rivers. Without horses, we can't take
around him and wept with joy. After
enough supplies."
many years and many miles, SacajaThe men paddled on, up the Miswea was reunited with her brother
souri River. They were part of the
and her tribe.
Lewis and Clark expedition. Its newSacajawea and her family went on
est members were a fur trader hired
to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark.
as guide and interpreter, his wife,
She helped guide the expedition
Sacajawea (sa-ka-juh-WAY-uhl. and
through territory she kne w, and her
their infant son Baptiste.
presence reassured Indians who
Sacajawea was born about 1786 .
were wary of the white men .
In 1800, she was captured by the
Clark was fond of Sacajawea's son,
Hidatsa Indians. Later she was sold
and he paid for the boy's education,
to the French trader Toussaint
partly in thanks to Sacajawea. He felt
Charbonneau (TOO-sant shar-bonshe deserved " a greater reward for
OHl. and they married .
her attention and service than we
Sacajawea was a valuable member
had in our power to give her .. ."
of the expedition. She was important
Sacajawea was an important memto the whole mission as well as to
ber of an important expedition. With
day-to-day activities. For example,
her help, Lewis and Clark explored,
when her husband nearly overturned
mapped, and opened up the Ameria boatload of important supplies,
can Northwest .
--.J
218
UNIT4
f'RO ~
Thmk : Boqueto de Woieseri painted this view of New Orleans in 1803. the year of the Louisiana Purchase.
Examine the great detail of the work. Notice the many fOnDS of transportation included in the work .
J.
Why was New Orleans important to American transportation?
Monroe and Livingston were not sure if
the Constitution gave them or Jefferson
the right to make this purchase. However,
they knew that the French offer was a
great opportunity. They decided to buy
Louisiana . The Louisiana Purch ase doubled the size of the United States.
After the United States purchased Louisiana, Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis
and William Clark to lead an expedition
(ex-puh-DlSH-unl. or journey, into the
new territory. Lewis and Clark spent two
years exploring and mapping northern
Louisiana . They traveled from St. Louis all
the way to the Pacific coast and back
again. They learned much about the lands
and Indian tribes of this vast new area of
the United States.
Jefferson's Second Term
Durin g his second term, Jefferson had
many problems with foreign governments. Great Britain and France were at
war again. They tried to stop each other's
trade with foreign countries. France captured American ships trading with Great
Britain. Great Britain captured American
ships trading with France.
Chapter 10
219
Great Britain not only captured American ships. It also impressed American
sailors, or forced them to serve on British
ships. This angered the American people.
Many Americans wanted the United
States to go to war. Jefferson thought it
would be better to stop trade with Great
Britain. Congress agreed with Jefferson's
plan. In 1807, Congress passed the
Embargo Act, which stopped foreign
ships from carrying goods to or from the
United States. The Embargo Act also
stopped American ships from trading in
foreign ports.
Unfortunately, the Embargo Act hurt
the United States more than it hurt Great
Britain. Great Britain was still able to
trade with Canada and South America
but American trade was completely cu~
off. American sailors and shipbuilders
lost their jobs. American farmers and
bUSinesspeople could no longer trade
with foreign merchants. Finally, Jefferson
agreed that the Embargo Act had failed .
Thi.nlc: This artwork
stilTed up emotions.
Sailors, like this yOWlg
boy. were forced to
work on British ships.
James Madison
(1751-1836)
helped build a
strong federal
government
during the
Constitutional
Convention .
Later. he became
the fourt.h
president of the
United States .
In 1809, three days before he left office,
he repealed the Embargo Act.
The Embargo Act turned many Americans against Jefferson's party, the Republicans. In the election of 1808, more Federalists were elected to Congress. However, James Madison, a Republican, was
elected president. He had been Jefferson' s secretary of state. As president,
Madison continued many of Jefferson's
ideas. In the rest of this chapter, you will
see that these ideas did not solve the
problems with Great Britain. War soon
began between the two nations .
Some were killed.
Respond : How is this
artwork like
today's 1V
news?
T H&
Wh.JSSlI4DIT OF ",,,,
American Sailor Boy
220
UNIT4
Section Review
1. How did Talleyrand anger President Adams and the American
people?
2. What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? Why did many Americans dislike them?
3 . How did Jefferson, Monroe, and
Livingston double the size of the
United States?
4. How did President Jefferson try
to stop Great Britain from capturing American ships? What
were the results of his plan?
3. The War of 1812
Learn these important terms:
Treaty of Ghent
Monroe Doctrine
privateers
War Hawks
Remember the main idea:
The United States defeated Great
Britain in the War of 1812. After
the war, American trade with foreign countries improved.
Look for answers to these
questions:
1 . What were the causes of the War
of 1812?
2. What was the British plan of attack in the war? How did it fail?
3. What changes took place after
the War of 1812?
Even without the Embargo Act, the
United States continued to have problems
with foreign trade. Great Britain and
France still attacked American ships.
When France finally agreed to stop capturing American ships, British attacks
continued. The British also continued to
impress American sailors. The American
government could not find a peaceful way
to stop these attacks.
In addition, there were problems along
the western frontier. The Indians who
lived there believed that American settlers were taking Indian land. Under the
great Indian leader Tecumseh (tuh-KUMsuhl. many Indian tribes joined together
to protect their lands. In 1811, William
Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, defeated the Indians at the
Battle of Tippecanoe. This battle led to an
Indian war in the West.
Many westerners believed that British
leaders in Canada were helping the Indians. These settlers wanted the United
States to go to war against Great Britain .
They also wanted to conquer Canada.
Congressmen from the West who wanted
war became known as War Hawks. In
Think : Tecumseh, the
Shawnee chief, is
shown in this detail
from a painting by
Catherine Reynolds.
The great chief had
hoped to form a single
Indian nation made up
of all the American
tribes . He was killed
while fighting for the
British in the War of
1812. Respond ' Do you
agree with Tecumseh's
idea of a single Indian
nation? WhY. or why
not?
Chapter 10
221
1812, the War Hawks led Congress
to declare war against Great Britain .
Defeats and Victories
The United States was not prepared to
fight the War of 1812 . The nation lacked
money and supplies. At first, Congress
refused to vote for taxes to raise money
for the army and navy. The United States
also had trouble getting men to join the
armed forces .
Despite these problems, the Americans
thought they would have an easy victory
in Canada. Most Britisb soldiers were in
Europe, fighting Napoleon' s army. When
the Americans attacked Canada, howevThink The USS Constitution was appropriately
nicknamed " Old Ironsides." The ship is shown here
defeating the British GueJTiere. Respond' Why were
the American sea victories unexpected?
er, they did badly. Instead of conquering
Canada, the United States lost much of
the land around the Great Lakes to the
British forces . Later, American armies
were able to win back this territory.
The first American victories were not
on land but at sea. This was surprising
because most people believed that Great
Britain had the best navy in the world.
However, the American navy defeated
British ships again and again. The most
famous American ship, the Constitution,
won so many battles that it came to be
known as "Old Ironsides." When the
British blocked American ports, American
ships called privateers, which were not
part of the navy, captured many British
ships. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry built a
whole fleet of ships and defeated a British
fleet on Lake Erie in the famous Battle of
Put-In Bay.
Think : During the War of
1812. Francis Scott Key
boarded a British ship to ask
for the release of his fellow
American. William Beane.
The British ship then began
to attack Fort McHenry. Key.
being held prisoner. looked
on in horror. Through the
night me ship bombarded the
fon. In the morning. Key
anxiously looked for signs
telling who had won the
battle. Then through the
smoke and fog. he could see
the fifty-foot American flag
that inspired him. Quickly he
wrote most of the words to
what would become our
national anthem. "The
Star-Spangled Banner."
Respond . When have you
been inspired by an event or
a symbol?
In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon,
and the war in Europe ended. Great
Britain was now able to send more troops
to fight in America. Because the British
army was large and well trained, the
British generals thought it would be easy
to win the war. They decided to attack the
United States in three different ways.
They planned to send an army from Canada into New England and New York .
They would also raid important cities
along the Atlantic coast. Finally, they
would attack New Orleans by sea.
The first part of the British plan failed.
The British were stopped by a small
American fleet on Lake Champlain. The
second part of the British plan started better. In August 1814, British soldiers landed near Washington, D.C. They defeated
a large American army and marched into
the nation's capital. The British burned
many government buildings.
The British army then went on to attack
Baltimore. This time the Americans held
them back. British ships attacked Fort
McHenry for a day and a night. In the
morning, the American flag was still flying over the fort. The British attack had
failed. Francis Scott Key wrote a poem
about this battle. His famous poem, "The
Star-Spangled Banner," was later set to
music. It is now our national anthem.
Chapter 10
223
The Final Battle
The British still had one more plan of
attack. During the fall of 1814, they sent
thousands of soldiers to attack New Orleans. The British army landed just a few
miles from the city. Andrew Jackson, the
American general, quickly attacked the
British. The battle was a draw, but it
made the British delay their next attack
for several days. When the British finally
marched on the city of New Orleans, the
Americans were ready.
Jackson's army was made up of farmers, frontiersmen, black citizens of New
Orleans, and pirates. The British thought
they would have an easy victory. They
marched straight toward the city. When
they were two hundred yards away from
Jackson's army, the Americans opened
fire. In a short time, two thousand British
soldiers were killed or injured. Only about
seventy Americans were killed or injured.
The last battle of the war was over. The
Americans had won.
Think : The American victory at the Battle of New
Orleans was overshadowed by tragedy. It was fought
after a peace treaty between the Americans and the
British bad been agreed to. The wasteful loss of
thousands of lives took place because the delivery of
messages took so long. Re!tpond : Why would this
kind of tragedy be less likely to occur today?
,"
NT
0
WAR OF 1812
Maps can give you information about time as well as about space. Maps can
tell you when an event occurred as well as where it occurred. Both kinds of
information increase your understanding of an event.
Putting events into chronological, or time, order can help you to understand
the course of the War of 1812. Make a list of all the battles shown on this map ,
in chronological order. First put the full date . Then beside each date show with
an A or B whether it was an American or British victory.
Using your text and the list that
you have just made, answer the
following questions.
first battle and the first
American victory?
3 . In what year did most of the
fighting occur?
1. How long was it between the
first battle and the last?
2 . How long was it between the
4 . What battle on your list took
place on land and at sea?
CANADA
UJ.lNOlS
TERRITORY
MICH.
TERR.
·"th . .....l
..
ATLANTIC
•
..
OCEAN
Briush blockade
.j
American victory
British vtclory
. - A.merican route
BritJsh route
MT 4
Peace and Great Changes
The Battle of New Orleans was a great
victory for the United States, but it was
also tragic. The two armies did not know
that the United States and Great Britain
had already signed the Treaty of Ghent,
which ended the war. News of the treaty
had not reached New Orleans in time to
stop the battle.
After the War of 1812, Great Britain
realized that the United States was a
strong nation. It could not be defeated.
The British stopped attacking American
ships. Both nations agreed to keep their
warships off the Great Lakes. The two
nations agreed on most of the border, or
boundary line, between the United States
and Canada.
The war caused other changes as well.
During the war, the Urtited States could
not bring most of its goods in from foreign
countries. People in the northern states
began to produce the goods that were
needed . By the end of the war, New
England was a center of manufacturing.
Settlers in the West were also helped
by the war of 1812. Indian forces centered around the Great Lakes and south of
the Ohio River were defeated by American armies during the war. The western
frontier became much safer for American
settlers.
In the years that followed, other important changes also took place. Spain's power over its territories was growing weaker. In 1819, the United States was able to
purchase Florida from Spain for five million dollars. During the 1820s, many
South American countries won their independence from Spain. In 1823, President
James Monroe gave an important speech
'mown as the Monroe Doctrine. He totd
the nations of Europe to stay out of the
affairs of the United States and South
America. In return, the United States
promised to stay out of European affairs.
Think; This painting by Forestier shows the signing
of the Treaty of Ghent. Notice the men's expressions.
Respond : How might they change after hearing news
from New Orleans?
The Monroe Doctrine was important
because it declared that all American
nations were free of European control. It
also said that the Urtited States would
protect countries in South America.
Before the War of 1812, the Urtited
States had many problems with foreign
countries , especially Great Britain and
France. After the war, the United States
became more successful in dealing with
foreign governments. In the next chapter,
you will read about changes within the
United States after 1815 .
Section Review
1. How successful were American
forces as the war began?
2. Who was Tecumseh? What happened to his forces at the Battle
of Tippecanoe?
3. Why was the Battle of New Orleans a great victory? Why was it
also tragic?
4. Row did /\merica's relations
with foreign governments improve after the War of 1812?
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227
Chapter
CHAPTER SUMMARY
During Washington' s second
term, problems with Great Britain
continued. Jay' s Treaty kept the
Americans out of war, but it did
not end British attacks on American ships. The government
stopped the Whiskey Rebellion.
The Federalist Party and the Repuhlican Party were formed . John
Adams was elected the second
president. In his Farewell Address , Washington warned the
young nation to be careful in dealing with foreign governments.
Adams kept the United States
out of war with France. However,
he made some unpopular laws .
Jefferson was elected president in
1800. The United States purchased Louisiana from France.
Conflicts with Great Britain grew
worse. Jefferson passed the Embargo Act to stop attacks on American ships, but it hurt American
trade . When Madison became
president, he could not improve
relations with Great Britain. War
against the Indians broke out.
In 1812 , the United States declared war on Great Britain as a
result of British attacks on American ships . The American forces
had difficulties at first, but eventually they defeated the British.
After the war, the United States
bought Florida from Spain. President Monroe' declared that nations
in the western hemisphere should
be free of European control.
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228
UNIT4
Key Words
Write a sentence to explain the
meaning of each of these terms.
political parties
neutral
Treaty of
Ghent
Alien Acts
Sedition Act
Embargo Act
Major Events
Choose the answer that best
completes the statement.
1 . After the French Revolution, Great
Britain
a) sent aid to the French.
b) declared war on France.
c) had its own revolution.
2 . In 1794, Washington sent John
Jay to Great Britain to
a) buy arms .
b) plan a war against France.
c) work out a treaty.
3 . Washington and Hamilton led
troops into Pennsylvania to
a) fight the Indians.
b) stop Shays 's Rebellion.
c) stop the Whiskey Rebellion .
4. After the British forces burned
Washington, they
a) burned Baltimore.
b) were unable to capture
Baltimore.
c) captured Fort McHenry.
5. The Battle of New Orleans took
place
a) in the middle of the War of 1812.
b) toward the end of the war.
c) after a peace treaty was signed.
Review
Important Facts
Skill Review
Answer each question with at least
one complete sentence.
Read this primary source, then
answer the following questions.
1. After the Revolutionary War,
what happened to British forts in
the Northwest Territory?
2. What side did the United States
take in the war between Great
Britain and France?
3. How did the government stop the
Whiskey Rebellion?
4. Who was the leader of the
Federalist Party? Who led the
Republican Party?
5. How did the Federalists differ
from the Republicans?
6 . How did the Alien and Sedition
Acts affect the election of 1800?
On July 1, 1812, President
James Madison said to Congress:
Our commerce has been
plundered in every sea, the great
staples of our country have been
cut off from their legitimate
[rightful] markets, and a
destructive blow aimed at our
agriculture and maritime
[seagoing] interests . .. Not
content with . .. laying waste to
our neutral trade, the cabinet of
Britain resorted at length to the
sweeping systems of blockades.
7. In 1803, what was one way that
1. In your own words , what has
Britain done to American trade?
Napoleon raised money for his
armies?
2 . What is Madison's opinion about
British actions?
8 . Whom did Jefferson send to
explore the new western
territories?
9. What did Great Britain do to
American sailors when it
captured their ships?
10. What effects did the Embargo
Act have?
11. What was the name given to the
Congressmen who wanted war
with Great Britain?
12. What happened to the American
plan to conquer Canada?
13. What was the final battle of the
War of 1812? What was the
outcome of this battle?
3 . What action does Madison see as
the "last straw"?
4. Which words show Madison' s
strong feelings about the British
actions he describes?
5. Which words does Madison use to
defend the American position?
Critical Thinking
Write a paragraph to answer each
question.
1 . Why did Americans form political
parties? Why did Washington
oppose political parties?
2 . What was the Monroe Doctrine?
Why was it important?
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