Download The Renaissance

AP European History / GPHS / Frye
Test 6 – Study Guide
Covering Palmer, sections #62-92 [through Stalin’s rise, early USSR]
Nationalism
Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic
idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant antiSemitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandizement.
The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to
the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy
and Germany could be unified after centuries of fragmentation
The Crimean War - Cause, outcome
Florence Nightingale
A new breed of conservative leaders, including Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck, coopted the agenda of nationalists for the purposes of creating or strengthening the state.
Cavour’s Realpolitik strategies, combined with the popular Garibaldi’s military
campaigns, led to the unification of Italy. Bismarck employed diplomacy, industrialized
warfare and weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify
Germany. After 1871 Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a
complex system of alliances directed at isolating France. Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890
eventually led to a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened
international tensions.
Unification of Italy
Sardinia-Piedmont
Camillo diCavour
Garibaldi
Unification of Germany
Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of unified Germany,
which subsequently underwent rapid industrialization under government sponsorship.
Danish War, Austro-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War
Otto von Bismarck & Prussia
Realpolitik
Reichstag
Kulturkampf
Social welfare system
Kaiser Wilhelm II
France
Louis N. Bonaparte [2d Republic] aka: NAPOLEON III [2d Empire]
Methods of rule [5 P’s]
Franco-Mexican War
3rd French Republic 1871-1940
the "Commune” / communards
[Alfred] Dreyfus Affair
The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognized the political
power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to stabilize the state by
reconfiguring national unity.
Austria’ s multi-ethnic empire & Ausgleich 1867
In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a program of reform and modernization,
which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Revolution of 1905.
Russia and the Balkans
Intelligentsia
serfdom
Alexander II - Emancipation Act of 1861
Fair trials [judicial reform] 1864
Assassination [1881]
Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
Bismarck interferes
Nicholas II [r.1894-1917]
War with Japan
Bloody Sunday
Expansion of Russia into Central Asia and Pacific
Decline of the Turks (traditionalists vs. modernizers)“sick man”
State of the Ottoman Empire in 19th century (the “sick man”)
Capitulations
Young Turks
Russo-Turkish War / Berlin Conf.
Egypt independent 1805….Suez Canal 1869
British take Egypt [1881]
1830 France grabs Algeria
1911-12 Italo-Turkish War: Libya to Italy
Attempts to reform
[blocked by traditional Muslim leaders and Janissaries]
Abdul Hamid II "the Damned"
Young Turks
Nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises leading
up to World War I.
New Balkan countries
1st/2d Balkan Wars
Jewish Pale
anti-Semitism
pogroms [Kishniev Pogrom]
Theodore Herzl
Zionism
(“New”) Imperialism (19th/early 20th century)
Why Europe did it [motives]
Why able to do it [means]
Modes/methods of imperial control
Economic causes and effects of empire for Europe
“neomercantilism”
European national rivalries and strategic concerns fostered imperial expansion and
competition for colonies. The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured
goods, as well as strategic and nationalistic considerations, drove Europeans to colonize
Africa and Asia, even as European colonies in the Americas broke free politically, if not
economically. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial
superiority.
The development of advanced weaponry invariably ensured the military superiority of
Europeans over colonized areas. Communication and transportation technologies allowed
for the creation of the European empires. Advances in medicine supported European
control of Africa and Asia by preserving European lives.
Napoleon III invades Mexico (Franco-Mexican War) - Maxmillian vs. Benito Juarez
Leopold II and the Belgian Congo
1885 Berlin Conference / division of Africa
Cecil Rhodes
Boer War
Sepoy Mutiny (causes and effects)
Change after end of B.E.I Co. and takeover by British government (the Raj)
Opium War and Treaty of Nanking
Taiping Rebellion
French Indochina
Russo-Japanese War 1904-05
Anglo-Japanese alliance 1902
Boxer Rebellion
Imperialism created diplomatic tensions among European states that strained alliance
systems. Imperial encounters with non-European peoples influenced the styles and
subject matter of artists and writers and provoked debate over the acquisition of colonies.
As non-Europeans became educated in Western values, they challenged European
imperialism through nationalist movements and/or by modernizing their own economies
and societies.
WW I
A variety of factors – including nationalism, military plans, the alliance system, and
imperial competition (Moroccan Crises) - turned a regional dispute in the Balkans into
World War I.
New technologies confounded traditional military strategies and led to massive troop
losses. The effects of military stalemate and total war led to protest and insurrection in
the belligerent nations and eventually to revolutions that changed the international
balance of power. The war in Europe quickly spread to non-European theaters,
transforming the war into a global conflict. The relationship of Europe to the word
shifted significantly with the globalization of the conflict, the emergence of the United
States as a world power, and the overthrow of European empires.
Triple Alliance - Central Powers
Triple Entente - Allies (including turncoat Italy)
Francis (Franz) Ferdinand, Gavrilio Princip and the Black Hand
Schlieffen Plan
Gallipoli
Somme, Verdun 1916
British blockade…and effects
Lusitania
Jutland
Zimmerman note
Armenian genocide
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Collapse of German, Ottoman, Russian, & Austrian empires
Roles of women
Rise of US as economic power due to debt
VERSAILLES TREATY
Wilsonian idealism clashed with postwar realities in both the victorious and the defeated
states. Democratic successor states emerged from former empires and eventually
succumbed to significant political, economic, and diplomatic crises. The League of
Nations, created to prevent future wars, was weakened from the outset by the
nonparticipation of major powers, including the United States, Germany, and the Soviet
Union. The Versailles settlement, particularly its provisions on the assignment of guilt
and reparations for the war, hindered the German Weimar Republic’s ability to establish
a stable and legitimate political and economic system.
When World War I began, Europeans were generally confident in the ability of science
and technology to address human needs and problems despite the uncertainty created by
the new scientific theories and psychology. The effects of world war and economic
depression undermined this confidence in science and human reason, giving impetus to
existentialism and producing postmodernism in the post-1945 period.
World War I created a “lost generation,” fostered disillusionment and cynicism,
transformed the lives of women, and democratized societies.
Role of Wilson, 14 Points
opposition to Wilson by Lloyd George & Clemenceau
League of Nations
Punishments of Germany (Rhine, Saar, reparations, demilitarization)
War guilt clause
Colonial “mandates”
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION to RISE OF STALIN 1917-39
In Russia, World War I exacerbated long-term problems of political stagnation, social
inequality, incomplete industrialization, and food and land distribution, all while
creating support for revolutionary change. Military and worker insurrections, aided by
the revived soviets, undermined the Provisional Government and set the stage for Lenin’s
long-planned Bolshevik revolution and establishment of a communist state. The
Bolshevik takeover prompted a protracted civil war between communist forces and their
opponents, who were aided by foreign powers. In order to improve economic performance,
Lenin compromised with free-market principles under the New Economic Policy, but
after his death Stalin undertook a centralized program of rapid economic modernization.
Stalin’s economic modernization of the Soviet Union came at a high price, including the
liquidation of the kulaks, famine in the Ukraine, purges of political rivals, unequal
burdens placed on women, and the establishment of an oppressive political system.
Reasons for Russian Revolutions
Nicholas II
Grigori Rasputin
Alexander Kerensky [1st Revolution]
Provisional Govt
Vladimir Lenin
Policies, Red Terror
Bolshevik [2d] Revolution
Leon Trotsky
Russian Civil War (Reds & Whites)
Allied intervention
soviets
Russo-Polish War
Politburo
Rise of Josef Stalin
Ukrainian famine
Five Year Plans
Purges, Old Bolsheviks
Kulaks
collective farms
Cheka
Gulag