Download Consensus Conference: Colorectal Cancer Screening and

CONSENSUS CONFERENCE
Consensus Conference: Colorectal Cancer Screening and
Surveillance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Steven H. Itzkowitz, MD, and Daniel H. Present, MD, for the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of
America Colon Cancer in IBD Study Group
Abstract: The idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative
colitis and Crohn’s colitis, are associated with an increased risk for
developing colorectal cancer. To reduce colorectal cancer mortality
in inflammatory bowel disease, most patients and their physicians
choose to follow a program of surveillance colonoscopy in an attempt
to detect early neoplastic lesions at a curable stage. Colectomy is
typically reserved for patients whose biopsy findings are indicative of
heightened cancer risk based on interpretation by pathologists.
Despite the absence of prospective controlled clinical trials to
formally evaluate the benefits, risks, and costs of this approach,
enough circumstantial evidence has accrued to warrant its widespread
adoption in practice. Nevertheless, no standardized guidelines have
yet been set forth to guide the gastroenterologist in performing
surveillance. A panel of international experts was assembled to
develop consensus recommendations for the performance of surveillance. The findings are presented herein.
(Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:314–321)
T
he idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs),
ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s colitis, are associated
with an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer
(CRC).1 In the past, some experts recommended prophylactic
colectomy for patients with extensive longstanding UC in an
effort to reduce CRC mortality. With the availability of
colonoscopy and the discovery that dysplastic changes in
colitic mucosa are correlated with CRC risk in UC patients,
Received for publication August 11, 2004; accepted December 6, 2004.
From The Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Mount
Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
Supported by unrestricted educational grants from Procter & Gamble
Pharmaceuticals, Axcan Pharma, AstraZeneca LP, and Shire Roberts
Pharmaceutical for the March 2000 Workshop. The October 2004
Workshop was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals.
This manuscript is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Rodger C. Haggitt.
Reprints: Steven H. Itzkowitz, MD, GI Fellowship Program, The Mount Sinai
School of Medicine, Box 1069, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York,
New York 10029 (e-mail: [email protected])
Copyright Ó 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
314
efforts to limit CRC mortality while avoiding total proctocolectomy were developed. This has resulted in the practice of
surveillance colonoscopy, whereby serial colonoscopic examinations are performed, during which biopsies are taken from
suspicious lesions as well as multiple regions of flat mucosa.
Colectomy is typically reserved for patients whose biopsy
findings are indicative of heightened cancer risk based on
interpretation by pathologists. Despite the absence of prospective controlled clinical trials to formally evaluate the
benefits, risks, and costs of this approach, enough circumstantial evidence has accrued2,3 to warrant its widespread adoption
in practice and its inclusion in published practice guidelines.4–6
Nevertheless, no standardized guidelines have yet been set forth
to guide the gastroenterologist in performing surveillance.
In March 2000, the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of
America convened a workshop ‘‘Colon Cancer in IBD: Science
and Surveillance’’ in Palm Harbor, Florida (see Appendix). A
group of international experts in relevant scientific disciplines
began the process of coming to a consensus on guidelines for
screening and surveillance colonoscopy in patients with IBD.
The group reconvened (with some additional members) in
October 2004 in New York City to complete the guidelines.
This consensus statement contains these guidelines,
which are based on the best available evidence and the opinion
of international experts. Specifically, they address (1) the identification of IBD patients who might benefit from colonoscopic
surveillance and (2) the appropriate practices of surveillance
colonoscopy. Patients with Crohn’s colitis, like those with UC,
are at increased risk of developing CRC compared with the
general population.7,8 This document first addresses surveillance guidelines for UC patients, for which more is known,
followed by surveillance guidelines for patients with Crohn’s
colitis. The entities of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic
colitis (collectively considered microscopic colitis) are not
included in this statement because an increased risk of CRC
has not been documented in these conditions. It should be
emphasized at the outset that surveillance for CRC in IBD
entails more than performing serial colonoscopic examinations. Regular evaluation of patients’ symptoms, medication
use, and updated personal and family medical history are critical
components of the cancer prevention strategy.3
Inflamm Bowel Dis Volume 11, Number 3, March 2005
Inflamm Bowel Dis Volume 11, Number 3, March 2005
DEFINITIONS
In this statement, the term dysplasia is defined histologically as an unequivocal neoplastic change of the intestinal
mucosa in the setting of IBD. A screening examination is defined as the first colonoscopic examination in a patient with UC
or Crohn’s colitis performed for the purpose of detecting dysplasia or CRC. Surveillance examinations are subsequent endoscopic examinations performed periodically for the same purpose.
CRC SCREENING AND SURVEILLANCE
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH UC
Risk Factors for CRC
Based on previously published practice-based and
population-based studies, the duration of UC and the anatomic
extent of disease have been shown to be independent risk
factors for the development of CRC in UC. As such, special
attention to these 2 variables is crucial in the practice of surveillance. Additional risk factors are indicated below, along
with comments as to their implications for the practice of
surveillance.
Duration of Disease
There is no uniform definition for the duration of UC.
Although some studies define duration based on the date of
radiologic, endoscopic, or histologic diagnosis, a preferred approach is to define it based on the onset of UC-like symptoms.
Because the risk of CRC becomes greater than that of the
general population after 8 to 10 years from the onset of disease,9
the Committee recommends that a screening colonoscopy be
performed 8 to 10 years after the onset of symptoms attributable
to UC. The purpose of this examination is to reestablish disease extent and also look for evidence of dysplasia. Regular
surveillance colonoscopy should be initiated after a screening
examination.
Anatomic Extent
Different criteria also exist regarding classification of the
extent of colitis. Most early reports of surveillance programs
used barium enema results at diagnosis as the standard for
defining disease extent; however, endoscopic and histologic
evidence of inflammation are valid alternative criteria. Unfortunately, these different criteria do not correspond with each
other in all cases, and moreover, their respective implications
for CRC risk are uncertain. The classification of disease extent
may be further confounded by the phenomena of disease
extension or partial healing over time. Thus, it is not known
how the risk of CRC among patients whose disease has anatomically extended over time compares with that of patients
with limited disease or those with extensive disease from the
outset. Cancer and dysplasia can arise in areas of the colon that
show histologic evidence of disease even without endoscopic
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abnormalities.10 In view of these uncertainties, for the purposes of classifying patients as high risk (i.e., likely to derive
benefit from a surveillance regimen), extent should be defined
by both endoscopic and histologic evaluation, whichever reveals more extensive involvement. The extent of involvement
should be defined either at diagnosis or screening, whichever
reveals more extensive involvement. Colonoscopy is preferred
to flexible sigmoidoscopy for this purpose.
Patients with UC should be classified by extent into 1 of
3 categories:
Extensive: if there is evidence of UC proximal to the splenic
flexure,
Left-sided: if UC is present in the descending colon up to, but
not proximal to, the splenic flexure,
Proctosigmoiditis: if disease is limited to the rectum with or
without sigmoid colon involvement
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) can affect individuals with both UC and Crohn’s disease. In light of clinical
studies implicating PSC as a risk factor for CRC,11 all patients
with PSC not previously known to have IBD should undergo
a colonoscopy to determine their status. This procedure should
include biopsies from normal-appearing mucosa, because
microscopic evidence of colitis may not be visually apparent.
For those patients shown as having IBD, screening and
subsequent surveillance should begin at the time of PSC onset.
Age of Onset
Although there is some evidence to support a higher
relative risk for CRC among UC patients diagnosed at a young
age,9,12,13 there is insufficient evidence to support starting
screening and surveillance before 8 years of disease in these
patients. Thus, screening and surveillance should be pursued
based on other risk factors, regardless of age of colitis onset.
Positive Family History of CRC
The findings from several studies suggest that a positive
family history of CRC is a risk factor for CRC in UC
patients.3,14,15 At this time, however, there is insufficient
evidence to warrant altering either the initiation of surveillance
or the interval between examinations based on this information. Nonetheless, it is sound clinical practice to obtain
a detailed family history for intestinal and extraintestinal
neoplasia and to incorporate any evidence of heightened risk
into the clinical decision making.
Degree of Endoscopic and Histologic Activity
A recent study has shown that increased severity of
inflammation, both endoscopically and histologically, correlates with increased frequency of dysplasia.16 As we await
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Itzkowitz and Present
confirmation of these findings, it is important also to realize
that patients with longstanding quiescent colitis remain at risk
for developing CRC.
Factors that May Modify Risk
Aminosalicylate use and possibly folic acid intake have
been suggested to be cancer chemopreventive agents in
patients with UC.1 Ursodeoxycholic acid has been shown to be
chemopreventive in the subset of colitis patients with PSC.17,18
Although these agents may prove to be beneficial to patients at
risk for CRC, there is insufficient evidence to modify screening and surveillance in UC patients who use these medications,
and use of these medications should certainly not replace
surveillance colonoscopies.
Timing of Screening and Surveillance Exams
All recommendations concerning timing and performance of screening and surveillance colonoscopy assume that
appropriate surveillance techniques are followed.
Screening
A screening colonoscopy should be performed in UC
patients to rule out colonic neoplasia (dysplasia or cancer) 8 to
10 years after the onset of UC symptoms. At the time of this
examination, extent of disease should also be evaluated, with
possible reclassification of extent if there is significant change.
Surveillance
Patients with extensive colitis or left-sided colitis who
have a negative screening colonoscopy should begin surveillance within 1 to 2 years. This interval is based on studies
reporting that interval cancers can develop within 2 years after
a surveillance examination.19,20 With a negative surveillance
colonoscopy, subsequent surveillance examinations should be
performed every 1 to 2 years. With 2 negative examinations,
the next surveillance examination may be performed in 1 to 3
years until UC has been present for 20 years. At that time,
consideration should be given to performing surveillance every
1 to 2 years, based on the concept that CRC risk increases
with longer duration of colitis.21
Patients with PSC should undergo surveillance yearly.
Patients with other risk factors, such as positive family history
of CRC, may require shorter surveillance intervals.
Patients with proctosigmoiditis, who have little or no
increased risk of CRC compared with the population at large,12
should be managed according to standard CRC prevention
measures as defined in consensus Gastrointestinal Consortium
recommendations and guidelines.6 Despite a lack of data, the
presence of a so-called ‘‘cecal patch’’ of erythema with microscopic inflammation in patients with proctosigmoiditis should
not alter this recommendation. However, if biopsies are positive
for colitis proximal to 35 cm, even though macroscopic disease
is limited to the distal sigmoid and rectum, it is suggested that the
patient follow a UC-type surveillance approach.
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Management of Abnormal Findings
Any examination in which a single biopsy reveals
mucosal changes interpreted as ‘‘indefinite for dysplasia,’’
‘‘low-grade dysplasia’’ (LGD), ‘‘high-grade dysplasia’’ (HGD),
or ‘‘adenocarcinoma’’ is considered an abnormal finding. The
number of biopsies taken at colonoscopy can affect whether
a sampling error is present, and thus, if high-grade dysplasia
and/or cancer has been missed.22 Patients who have ,33 biopsies performed at each colonoscopy are more likely to have
a missed diagnosis of neoplasia. The decision for recommending colectomy should be considered in light of the quality of
colonoscopic surveillance that was performed, namely the
quality of the preparation, whether sufficient biopsies were
taken to have confidence in the final diagnosis, and the presence of active inflammation that can occasionally make interpretation of the biopsies difficult.
In recent years, it has become clear that the management
of polypoid (raised) dysplasia differs from that of flat dysplasia. It is also becoming apparent that, although so-called
‘‘flat’’ dysplasia in IBD has been considered invisible to the
naked eye, dysplastic areas can often be slightly raised or
elevated.23 For the purposes of this statement, the term flat
mucosa implies tissue that is not believed to be raised.
Recommended management strategies for abnormal
findings are as follows.
Indefinite for Dysplasia in Flat Mucosa
One or more biopsies reported ‘‘indefinite for dysplasia’’
should be reviewed by an experienced gastrointestinal pathologist. If the diagnosis is confirmed, a follow-up surveillance examination should be performed within 3 to 6 months.
LGD in Flat Mucosa
Any biopsies reported ‘‘positive for LGD’’ should be
confirmed by an experienced gastrointestinal pathologist.
Controversy exists about the management of LGD because the
natural history is unknown at this time. For patients complying
with a strict surveillance program, finding flat LGD during
surveillance may not carry the same high risk of progression to
HGD or cancer as finding flat LGD on initial screening
examination.24,25 Several studies have suggested an ;50% to
55% 5-year rate of progression from LGD to HGD or
CRC,19,26,27 whereas others show a much lower rate.20,28 There
is evidence that with LGD as the worst histologic diagnosis at
colonoscopy, an unrecognized synchronous CRC may already
be present in up to 20% of individuals who undergo surgery
shortly thereafter.24,27 Therefore, competing options should be
discussed with each patient. A prophylactic colectomy should
be offered given the possibility of a synchronous adenocarcinoma, particularly if the number of colonoscopic biopsies is
insufficient. A discussion with a colorectal surgeon of the
possible complications of restorative proctocolectomy should
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be included when counseling the patient about options. Possible complications include an increased risk for infertility in
women, as well as the standard complications of stricture,
incontinence, adhesions, cuffitis, and pouchitis.
A patient confirmed to have multifocal flat LGD (2 or
more biopsies with LGD from a single screening or surveilance examination) or repetitive flat LGD (2 or more examinations with at least a single focus of LGD), should be strongly
encouraged to undergo prophylactic total proctocolectomy.
Recent evidence indicates that the 5-year rate of progression to
HGD or CRC for patients with confirmed unifocal LGD (only
1 biopsy positive for LGD in a screening or surveillance examination) seems to be similar to that of multifocal LGD.27
Therefore, such a patient should also be offered the option of
undergoing prophylactic proctocolectomy.
Regardless of the focality of flat LGD, if an operative
strategy is deferred and the patient elects to continue with
surveillance, a repeat examination should be performed within
3 months and no later than 6 months from the discovery of
LGD. Repeat exams should include sufficient sampling so that
there is no error in the histologic diagnosis.
It must be stressed that for patients who elect to pursue
a nonoperative strategy for LGD, a subsequent negative
examination (i.e., no dysplasia) is not sufficiently reassuring to
return to routine surveillance.25,27 Therefore, continued, more
frequent exams (#6 mo) should be pursued. Again, an
extensive biopsy protocol is recommended to ensure that the
diagnosis is correct.
HGD in Flat Mucosa
As with LGD, a finding of HGD should be confirmed by
a pathologist from an expert center. If confirmed, total
proctocolectomy should be performed, given the high rate of
synchronous and metachronous adenocarcinoma.19,24
Raised Lesions (Polyps) with Dysplasia
Raised lesions encountered within areas of colitis may
include 1 or more polyps that visually resemble sporadic adenomas and may be amenable to complete polypectomy.29–31 If
polypectomy is complete and biopsies of surrounding mucosa
(4 biopsies taken immediately adjacent to the raised lesion and
submitted separately) are negative for dysplasia, and in addition, there is no dysplasia elsewhere in the colon, a follow-up
examination should be performed within 6 months, with regular surveillance resumed if no dysplasia is found. However, if
dysplasia is present in the surrounding mucosa, or if the dysplastic polypoid lesion is nonresectable or does not resemble
a typical adenoma (referred to in the literature as dysplasiaassociated lesion or mass), a high risk of associated synchronous CRC would justify recommending a complete proctocolectomy. The alternative option of segmental colectomy has
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stances. In cases of uncertainty regarding technique or management, referral to a tertiary center is appropriate. Marking
a raised lesion with India ink at the time of colonoscopy before
referral to an expert center should also be considered.
Adenoma-like polyps encountered in areas of the colon
that are endoscopically and microscopically free of disease involvement may be managed according to standard recommendations for postpolypectomy follow-up of sporadic
adenomas.6
CRC SCREENING AND SURVEILLANCE
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH
CROHN’S COLITIS
Patients who have only had small intestinal Crohn’s
disease without colonic involvement are not considered to be
at high risk for CRC but should be managed according to
general population CRC screening guidelines.6 For patients
with Crohn’s colitis, the Committee endorses the notion that
the risk of CRC is similar to that of UC if there is comparable
surface area involvement and disease duration. Screening and
surveillance recommendations for Crohn’s colitis are thus
similar to those for UC. It should be noted that knowledge
about CRC risk in Crohn’s colitis is based on more limited data
than in UC, with most observations derived from retrospective
studies,8 population-based studies,7 and 1 recent prospective
study.32 Very little is known about chemoprevention in patients
with Crohn’s colitis.
Risk Factors for CRC
Duration of Disease
As with UC, duration of disease in Crohn’s colitis is
defined from the onset of symptoms of colitis, not from the
date of diagnosis. Although data are limited, it is believed that,
as with UC, increased CRC risk in Crohn’s colitis occurs after
8 to 10 years of disease, and screening should start at this time.
Extent of Disease
Inclusion in a screening and surveillance program is
recommended for Crohn’s colitis patients who have major involvement of the colon. This has been defined somewhat
arbitrarily as more than one-third of the colon involved with
disease as determined endoscopically (not on biopsy material).32
PSC
PSC can affect individuals with both UC and Crohn’s
disease. In light of clinical studies implicating PSC as a risk
factor for CRC,11 all patients with PSC not previously known
to have IBD should undergo a colonoscopy to determine their
status. This procedure should include biopsies from normalappearing mucosa, because microscopic evidence of colitis
may not be visually apparent. For those patients shown as
having IBD, screening and subsequent surveillance should
begin at the time of PSC onset.
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Family History of CRC, Early Age at Onset, and
Degree of Endoscopic and Histologic Activity
There is insufficient evidence to support altering the
schedule of screening and surveillance for these variables.
Screening and Surveillance
Patients with major colonic involvement (at least onethird of the colon involved) who have harbored disease for 8 to
10 years from onset of symptoms should undergo a screening
colonoscopy.32 If no dysplasia or cancer is found, a surveillance
examination protocol should be started within 2 years.
After a negative surveillance colonoscopy, subsequent
surveillance should be performed every 1 to 2 years. With 2
negative examinations, the next surveillance examination may
be performed in 1 to 3 years until Crohn’s colitis has been
present for 20 years. At that time, surveillance should be
performed every 1 to 2 years.
Management of Abnormal Findings
The recommendations for management after an abnormal finding in Crohn’s colitis are identical to those for UC. For
patients with segmental Crohn’s colitis, if a dysplastic or cancerous lesion is detected and surgery is planned, it is not
known whether a segmental resection alone is sufficient or
whether a UC-based approach of total proctocolectomy should
be considered.
COMPLIANCE AND CONSENT
It should be emphasized and conveyed to patients that,
although a program of surveillance colonoscopies is the best
approach currently available, it has its limitations. Thus, even
with the most compliant patient and in the hands of a highly
skilled endoscopist, surveillance cannot guarantee against the
development of CRC. It is suggested that, before initiating
a program of screening and surveillance, perhaps a general
form be signed by both the patient and physician outlining
the surveillance program. This document should state potential risks and benefits of a surveillance program and the
need for both patient and physician compliance in adhering to
a schedule of exams. The importance of patient compliance
and consent in undertaking a program of screening and surveillance cannot be overemphasized. There should be regular
call back for all participating patients so that no patients are
lost to follow-up. Patient noncompliance should trigger
a series of letters including a comment about the potential
risk for developing CRC in the absence of follow-up.
MECHANICS OF SCREENING AND
SURVEILLANCE EXAMS
Patient selection, colonoscopic practice, tissue handling,
and histologic interpretation all impact the effectiveness of
a surveillance examination. Clinicians and pathologists should
strive toward performing screening and surveillance exami-
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nations with greater uniformity, and it is essential that the
clinician and pathologist directly communicate with each
other, particularly regarding an abnormal histologic finding.
As with all diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopies, screening and surveillance examinations should be performed in
a well-prepared colon using standard preparation techniques.
The following criteria for an effective surveillance examination should be used by clinicians performing surveillance.
Patient Selection
In an effort to minimize unreliable histologic interpretation of dysplasia, efforts should be made to minimize
disease activity in all UC and Crohn’s colitis patients before
a screening or surveillance examination.
Colonoscopic Practice
For patients with extensive disease, a minimum of 33
biopsies should be performed. This involves taking 4-quadrant
biopsies every 10 cm throughout the colon. In patients with
less extensive microscopic disease found at screening,
4-quadrant biopsies should be taken from the proximal extent
of disease and every 10 cm distally. Particularly in UC,
consideration should be given to taking 4-quadrant biopsies
every 5 cm in the lower sigmoid and rectum, because the
frequency of CRC is higher in this region.25
Tissue Handling
Ideally, the colonoscopist and his/her assistants should
place all biopsies from a given segment in a separate specimen
jar. If feasible, biopsies should be ‘‘unrolled’’ from their balllike shape after removal from biopsy forceps to facilitate
histologic interpretation. Use of jumbo biopsy forceps should
be considered to minimize sampling errors. There is often
a limit to the number of biopsies that can be physically
embedded in 1 tissue block; it is suggested that no more than
4 biopsies should be placed in any 1 jar. Specimens from
raised or suspicious lesions should be placed in separate,
appropriately labeled jars.
Histologic Interpretation
All pathologists rendering a histologic interpretation of
surveillance biopsies should be familiar with and adhere to the
recommendations of the ‘‘IBD Dysplasia Morphology Working Group’’ findings published in 1983.33 These definitions
remain the standard by which surveillance specimens are interpreted. The only exception is that the proposed formal
subclassification of ‘‘indefinite for dysplasia’’ into ‘‘probably
positive,’’ ‘‘probably negative,’’ and ‘‘unknown’’ is optional.
Nonetheless, pathologists are encouraged to elaborate on any
uncertainties and the degree of concern with which they are
viewed.
It should be noted that disease activity per se does not
preclude accurate pathologic interpretation of biopsies in
general, although it may introduce uncertainties in some cases.
Accordingly, endoscopic examinations in patients with active
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disease should not be deferred for great lengths of time merely
for the purpose of increasing diagnostic accuracy. Nonetheless, any intervention that reduces inflammation is acceptable
if it leads to a minor postponement.
Special Clinical Situations
Pseudopolyps
In the event of multiple or massed pseudopolyps, several
options exist, none of which is adequately supported in
the medical literature. These options include referral to an
endoscopist with expertise in IBD, colectomy or segmental
resection, complete polypectomy of all lesions if feasible, or
routine surveillance of flat mucosa areas and removal of all
suspicious polypoid lesions. When in doubt, referral to an
expert center is recommended.
Stricture in UC
A stricture in UC is a strong indication for colectomy
because of the high rate of underlying carcinoma.34,35 If the
stricture proves to be negotiable using a standard pediatric
(11 mm) colonoscope, multiple biopsies and even brushings
for cytology should be taken from the stricture site. Even if
these biopsies and brushings prove to be negative for CRC or
dysplasia, the patient may be at very high risk for a malignancy; repeat colonoscopy should be performed within 3 to 4
months, and consideration should be given to performing
a computed tomography scan. Additionally, a diagnosis of
Crohn’s and not UC should be considered.
Stricture in Crohn’s Colitis
If the endoscopist is able to traverse a stricture in Crohn’s
colitis, repeat endoscopic evaluation within 1 year is appropriate. If the endoscopist is unable to pass the stricture
and perform surveillance with a standard pediatric (11 mm)
endoscope, a barium enema or computerized tomographic
colonography should be considered to evaluate the proximal
colon, with possible referral to an expert center. If there is .20
years of disease, the ;12% rate of concomitant CRC warrants
consideration of surgery (total colectomy or segmental resection) if the endoscopist is unable to evaluate the colon
proximal to the stricture.32 Endoscopic balloon dilation works
best for de novo and anastomotic Crohn’s strictures that are
relatively short (,6 cm).36 Dilation of long narrow strictures
runs the risk of perforation.
Anal Stricture
In the event of an anal stricture, an examination under
anesthesia should be performed to rule out malignant disease
in this area, given the increased risk of cancer in this
situation.37 Because there are no data to result in specific
interval recommendations, an annual examination under anesthesia should be considered in patients with an anal stricture.
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New Endoscopic Techniques
Recent studies indicate that chromoendoscopy can
greatly enhance the endoscopic detection of dysplastic lesions
in colitic colons.38,39 The Committee endorses the incorporation of chromoendoscopy into surveillance colonoscopy for
appropriately trained endoscopists. We hope that the development of newer techniques will further refine our current
surveillance recommendations and our understanding of the
natural history of dysplasia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America thanks
all of the participants in these workshops for contributions. We
thank Marjorie Merrick and Claire Klepner for help in
organizing the 2 workshops and Lynne Christensen and Laura
Hitchens for editorial expertise with the manuscript.
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APPENDIX
Partipicants of the First Workshop
COLON CANCER IN IBD: Science and Surveillance
Palm Harbor, Fla.
March 10-12, 2000
Chairs:
Daniel Present, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Steven Itzkowitz, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Participants:
Vibeke Binder, MD
Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
C. Richard Boland, MD
University of California Medical Center, San Diego, Calif.
Teresa A. Brentnall, MD
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Wash.
Robynne K. Chutkan, MD
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
Michael P. Cogan, Esq.
Cogan & McNabola, P.C., Chicago, Ill.
Anders Ekbom, MD, PhD
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Toshihiko Ezaki, MD
Keio Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Rodger C. Haggitt, MD
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Wash.
Tadakazu Hisamatsu, MD
Keio Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Per Karlén, MD
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Burton I. Korelitz, MD
Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY
Bret A. Lashner, MD
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
Lawrence Loeb, MD
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Wash.
John Lennard-Jones, MD
Suffolk, United Kingdom
Robert Lofberg, MD
Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Edward V. Loftus Jr, MD
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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Inflamm Bowel Dis Volume 11, Number 3, March 2005
CRC Screening and Surveillance in IBD
APPENDIX (continued )
James F. Marion, MD
Stephen J. Meltzer, MD
Robert D. Odze, MD
Robert E. Petras, MD
Jonathan M. Rhodes, MD
Robert H. Riddell, MD
Peter H. Rubin, MD
David B. Sachar, MD
Charles A. Sninsky, MD
Thomas A. Ullman, MD
Jerome D. Waye, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md
Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Chedoke-McMaster University Med Ctr, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
This workshop was supported by unrestricted educational grants from:
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Axcan Pharma, AstraZeneca LP, and Shire Roberts Pharmaceutical.
Partipicants of the Second Workshop
COLON CANCER IN IBD: Science and Surveillance
New York, NY
October 14, 2004
Chairs:
Daniel Present, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Steven Itzkowitz, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Participants:
Ragnar Befrits, MD, PhD
Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Charles Bernstein, MD
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Teresa A. Brentnall, MD
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Wash.
Francis Farraye, MD
Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
Stephen Gorfine, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Stephen B. Hanauer, MD
University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Ill.
Noam Harpaz, MD, PhD
Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
Per Karlén, MD
Med.Klin, South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Chee H. Lim, MD
Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
Edward V. Loftus, MD
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn.
Robert D. Odze, MD
Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Matthew Rutter, MD
University Hospital of North Tees, United Kingdom
Scott A. Strong, MD
Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
Thomas Ullman, MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
Jerome D. Waye, MD
Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
Additional Advisors:
Richard S. Blumberg, MD
Chair, CCFA National Scientific Advisory Committee
Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Stephen P. James, MD
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, Md.
Asad Umar, DVM, PhD
National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, Md.
This workshop was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from:
Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals
Acknowledgments: The Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America would like to thank all of the participants in these
workshops for their contributions. Thanks to Marjorie Merrick and Claire Klepner for their help in organizing the two
workshops and to Lynne Christensen and Laura Hitchens for editorial expertise with the manuscript.
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