Download Semester 2 Exam Powerpoint

Exam 2 Notes
Dual Credit U.S. History
Second Semester
WORLD WAR I
Causes of WWI
• Pre-War Alliances (Triple Entente and
Triple Alliance)
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
Trigger Event of World War I
• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand
the Archduke of Austria in Bosnia by a
Serbian nationalist,
Gavrilo Princip.
U.S. Response to WWI



Originally the U.S. under Woodrow Wilson
wanted to adopt a policy of neutrality.
Many Americans had anti-German feelings
even though they were urged to not take
sides
The U.S. begins to produce war goods and
sell them to both the Central Powers led
by Germany and the Allied Powers led by
Britain.
Reasons for U.S. Involvement





The Germans begin to practice unrestricted
submarine warfare with the sinking of the
Lusitania off the coast of Ireland
To avoid war with the U.S., Germany agrees to
the Sussex Pledge which promises that they will
warn passenger ships before sinking them.
One year later, the Zimmerman Note is
intercepted in which Germany asks Mexico to
declare war on the U.S. if the U.S. declares war
on Germany. They also promise to return any
former Mexican territories in the U.S. southwest
Germany feels it cannot allow neutral shipping to
Britain and feels it can win the war before the
U.S. can mobilize for war.
Germany resumes unrestricted submarine
warfare and sinks five unarmed U.S. vessels.
The U.S. Declares War

Woodrow Wilson asks
Congress to declare
war to fight against
inhumanity and to
“make the world safe
for democracy”and to
“vindicate the
principles of peace
and justice.” He also
declares WWI as the
“war to end all wars”.
The U.S. Mobilizes





Wilson creates the Committee on Public
Information which is led by George Creel.
Creel used posters, leaflets, cartoons and any
other method he could to arouse patriotism.
The military begins to draft men to serve in the
military because the military was not prepared
for war in any way.
The government received support from most
Americans and political groups including the
Progressives who felt war would be good for
American workers and farmers.
The sale of war bonds begins to help fund the
$33 million dollars that would be needed for the
war.
Labor Unions



Most industrial leaders like Samuel
Gompers of the AFL support the war.
Socialist industrial leaders like Eugene
Debs of the IWW do not support the war.
Debs and anti-war leaders were arrested
and imprisoned for speaking out against
the government and the war with the
passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts of
1917.
African-Americans in WWI


African Americans serve in
segregated units, but are never paid
equally with white soldiers.
The “Great Migration” of AfricanAmericans from the South to the
North begins as the need for laborers
in the war industries opens up new
job opportunities.
Women in the War



Women help out in the war industries and
more than 20,000 serve in the military as
operators, secretaries and nurses.
Women also get the 18th Amendment
which calls for the prohibition of alcohol
passed during the war
The efforts of women in WWI help to
insure the passage of the 19th Amendment
which guarantees their right to vote.
Americans At War





Arrive one year after declaring war
(1918)and boost the morale of the Allies.
They only fight in two major battles in
Chateau-Thierry and the Meuse-Argonne
before the war ends.
General Pershing uses “The American Way
of Fighting” by using brutal frontal
assaults combined with surprise attacks
on the flanks to wear down the Germans.
German morale suffers as their losses
grow.
Germany surrenders on Nov. 11th at 11:00
a.m.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points


Woodrow Wilson had worked out a
plan for countries to follow after the
war.
His plan called for self determination
for all countries, an end to secret
treaties, freedom of the seas, free
trade, reduction of arms and a
League of Nations to secure future
peace.
The Treaty of Versailles




Wilson is hailed as a hero at the peace
talks.
The other allied countries want the treaty
to be a revenge on Germany.
Wilson agrees in order to get his League
of Nations approved.
Germany has to disarm, loses territories
and pay reparations to the allied nations.
Germans feel humiliated.
The League of Nations




Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge do not like
the idea of a League of Nations and they don’t
want to ratify the Treaty of Versailles without
some safeguards in place.
They are worried that our joining the League
would lead us into future wars.
Wilson refuses to change anything. His refusal to
compromise results in the U.S. not ratifying the
treaty and not joining the League of Nations
which our own President had proposed.
Wilson suffers a stroke and never regains his prewar power. The U.S. also loses power in the
world wide scene.
Postwar Changes



Within a few month soldiers were given 60
dollars and a one-way ticket home.
In 1919, nearly 4 millions workers went
on strike to protest working condidtions.
The government under A. Mitchell Palmer
began to search out possible
“communists” within our own country.
(Red Scare)
1920s to the Great Depression
Postwar Problems



National unemployment hit an all
time high of 20%.
Farmers income fell and bankruptcy
rates increased ten times.
People want “normalcy”



The “Red Scare” swept
the U.S.
Attorney General Palmer,
used the justice dept. to
arrest suspected
communists, anarchists
and socialists. (Witch
hunt)
Two Italian anarchists,
Sacco and Vanzetti were
charged with murder and
robbery. They were
found guilty on
circumstantial evidence
and were executed in the
electric chair in 1927
amidst world-wide
criticism.
Suspected Anarchist’s Car is Bombed
Sacco and Vanzetti
Results of Prohibition





Emergence of organized
crime (ex: Al Capone)
Police and judges are
bribed by criminals
Growing general
disrespect for the police
People began distilling
their own liquor at
home
Repealed by the 21st
Amendment to stop
crime and violence
Hardings Presidency - 1920





Warren G. Harding wins the election
promising “normalcy” through a steady
order of things.
Progressivism is abandoned
Friends that he gave jobs to are involved
in scandals that contribute to his early
death from a heart attack.
Retreats from foreign affairs and signs
several treaties reducing naval armaments
and creating peace with European nations.
He helps pass bills that limits immigration
tremendously.
The Presidency of Coolidge 


Becomes president when Harding
dies
Worked to minimize the role of
government in business through tax
cuts for corporations and wealthy
individuals
Believes in a minimum of
government regulation in business
Henry Ford and the Automobile



Using the assembly line, his Model T by
1913 cost about $300 and could be built in
about 93 minutes.
He helped to develop the Midwest by
moving his factory to Detroit, MI in order
to have easy access to raw materials,
transportation and industrial might.
He used “scientific management” to
create his empire. This allowed for
increased profits, lower consumer prices
and a slightly higher wage for laborers.
The Roaring 20s

Women felt they could do everything that
men did. (smoking, drinking, promiscuity)
Accomplishments of the 1920s




Charles Lindbergh makes the first transAtlantic flight.
African Americans experience an
appreciation of their music (jazz),
literature and art. It became known as
the Harlem Renaissance.
Talking movies become very popular.
(first talkie was “The Jazz Singer”.
Sports become very popular with stars
such as Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Jack
Dempsey.
New Heroes
and Dreams
Controversy



The Ku Klux Klan rises in the 1920s
to a membership of 4-5 million.
The Scopes trial pits science against
christian fundamentalism.
People begin to use credit and
installment plans to purchase goods
and instead it weakens the economy.
The Great Depression
The Stock Market Crash

Oct. 29th, 1929 – The stock market goes
into a panic and crashes.
• Too many bought stock on margin
• Many got rich in paper profits and not
“real” profit
• Too many buying on credit
• International trade suffered due to an
increase in tariffs while at the same time
the U.S. was demanding payment on war
loans.
• By 1929, both national and international
economies were experiencing severe
problems.
Hoover’s Plan




President Hoover felt that it was the job
of business and the community to help
each other.
Other depressions had been handled with
very little government help.
He insisted that no was really starving,
and did not really investigate the
problems facing the U.S.
Helped businesses, but not individuals
Results of Hoover’s Plan







Hardest hit were farmers, sharecroppers and
the jobless
Unemployment hits 25% by 1932
Women joined the workforce, changing family
dynamics
Mexican Americans were the targets of those
who felt they took American jobs away from
Americans.
Fewer children were born
Fewer marriages
The U.S. government turns our troops on our
own WWI veterans (The Bonus Army) when
they demand payment of their bonuses early.
Franklin Roosevelt’s (1932)
“New Deal”

New Deal outlines a government
that should:
• look out for it’s people during
hardship.
• reduce unemployment through
work relief programs
• encourage economic recovery
through government programs
• the government should take a more
active role and give the public a
place to turn to in times of need.
New Deal Acts and Programs

Banking and Finance
• Emergency Banking Act Closed all the banks and only reopened
those that were sound. Most of the banks
were able to reopen and stay solvent.
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Insured bank customers against the loss
of their deposits if the bank should fail.
• Securities and Exchange Commission –
licence investment dealers, monitors
stocks, and require corporations to make
full disclosures on the worth of their
company.

Relief and Conservation
Programs
• Federal Emergency Relief
Admin.(FERA) – supported 4-5
million households and funded
thousands of work projects
• Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) gave young men jobs in forestry,
dam building, national parks and
stringing telephone wire.

Agricultural Programs Designed
to Assist Farmers
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
– paid farmers to leave some land
idle. Did not benefit tenant and
sharecroppers.
• Farm Credit Act (FCA) – provide
credit on mortgaged farms to head
off foreclosures.

Programs to Assist Rural
Americans
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) –
built hydroelectric electric power
dams to bring power and light to
impoverished rural areas.
• Rural Electrification Admin. (REA)
- extended transmission lines into
sparsely settled areas.
FDR’S Second Hundred Days

Social Security Act – established
an old-age pension and grants
for states to use for dependent
mothers and children as well as
unemployment compensation.
The Second New Deal
The Works Progress Admin.





employed 10 million
built roads, airports, buildings, etc.
produced cultural programs such as
the Federal Theater Project
cost 10 billion by 1943
largest and most ambitious of all the
projects

Wagner Act
• guaranteed workers the right to organize
unions

Fair Standards Act
• set standards for wages and hours
Minorities in the Depression

Women in the Depression
• Eleanor Roosevelt very influential with
FDR
• Mary McLeod Bethune, appointed as
highest-ranking black official in the
government.

African-Americans
• New Dealers continued to focus on relief and
recovery, but also looked at making the social
condition of blacks more equal.

Native Americans
• The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 restored to
Native Americans, the right to own land
communally.
Opponents to the New Deal




Court Packing - The Supreme Court
which was very conservative had
struck down several New Deal
programs. FDR tries to add 6 new
justices and failed. Supreme Court
backs off.
Huey P. Long – encouraged his “Share
the Wealth” plan which called for a
form of socialism.
Father Coughlin – anti-Semetic,
favored a guaranteed income and
nationalization of banks
Dr. Francis Townsend – wanted a
pension plan for the elderly
World War II
Isolationism



Due to problems with the Great Depression,
FDR chose to remove the U.S. from any
possible international involvement.
Isolationists were led by Gerald Nye of
North Dakota who reported that American
munitions makers, bankers and financiers
had been responsible for bringing the U.S.
into WWI and that the “Death Merchants”
were trying to push the U.S. into another
tragic mistake.
The U.S. slowly began to pull out Latin
America and the Philippines.
The Rise of the Dictators


Fascism and extreme nationalism
had begun to spread across Europe
and the Pacific in the form of
dictatorships.
The U.S. felt most threatened by:
• Germany – Hitler
• Italy – Mussolini
• Japan - Tojo
German Actions Leading to War



Hitler begins to rearm Germany and
moves into the Rhineland and then
into the Austria. No one stops him.
Hitler then moves into the
Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia and
Britain and France appease him after
he promises it is his last territorial
demand.
Hitler then moves into Poland after
signing a secret non-aggression
treaty with the Soviet Union.
World War II begins.
U.S. Reaction to War



The U.S. was determined to stay neutral in this
new war and was unable to supply the Allies with
loans because of the Neutrality Acts of 1935,
1936 and 1937 and the Johnson Debt Default Act
of 1934.
FDR is able to get the Lend-Lease Act of 1941
passed, which would allow the U.S. to lend
armaments to Britain as long as they returned
them after the war was over.
In August, 1941, FDR and Churchill meet to
create the Atlantic Charter which addressed the
defeat of Germany and plans for the post-war
world. Their goals included freedom of the seas,
arms reductions and self-determination.
The U.S. Enters WWII




The U.S. had been asking the Japanese to leave
China for years. When the Japanese refused, the
U.S. launched an embargo on oil and scrap
metal.
The Japanese felt their only choice was to take oil
reserves from other British, French and Dutch
possessions in East Asia. They first would have
to get rid of any U.S. resistance to their plans of
Pacific domination.
Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl
Harbor. They killed or wounded more than 3500
Americans.
Congress and the American public was no longer
intent on neutrality. They wanted revenge and
were committed to war.
(Japan had indeed awakened a “sleeping giant”)
Japanese-Americans



Following Pear Harbor, anti-Japanese racism
and hysteria led many to believe that the
Japanese could not have completed their
mission without help from spies and might
strike again.
FDR then issued an executive order which
called for the interment of any people of
Japanese decent until the end of the war.
Later in the war, many would leave the
camps to fight in Nisei units for the U.S. in
order to prove their loyalty. They were
among the most decorated.
Minority Groups



Ethnic groups including African-Americans,
Mexican-Americans, Chinese-Americans and
Japanese-Americans fought in large
numbers and were highly decorated.
African Americans moved out of the South
to work in industrial cities for the war effort,
found new employment opportunities and
believed that they were also fighting to end
racial discrimination at home.
Mexican laborers were welcomed back to
the U.S. to help grow crops for the troops.
This practice became known as the bracero
program.
The War at Home




Women went to work in the war industries
and played a major role in the war effort.
“Rosie the Riveter”
Children went on scrap metal drives
Ration books were issued that limited
rubber, shoes, meat, gas, flour etc. These
items were reserved for the military.
Children had to adjust to a working
mother and an absent father. This caused
problems especially for girls which
increased their juvenile delinquency.
War in Europe



Strategy from the beginning of the war
had been, “Get Hitler First”.
From 1942 until 1944, the Allies had
slowly begun to reclaim land in North
Africa, and then Italy while Stalin was
putting pressure on Germany from the
West.
Once Italy fell and Mussolini was killed,
the next step was to regain France and
make the final push into Germany.
D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy

June 6, 1944, the Allies launched a massive
attack on the beaches of Normandy. While
the Germans knew that an attack would
take place, they had intercepted phony
troop movements and radio reports and
thought the attack would occur at Pas de
Calais.

The Germans were not prepared for the
attack on D-Day led by General Eisenhower.

The invasion included a naval attack,
paratroopers and air bombardments.

By August 25th, Paris had been liberated and
Allies were beginning their push toward
Germany.
Victory in Europe



As the Allies were pushing toward Germany,
Hitler made one last attempt to counter
attack. The Battle of the Bulge was the last
major offensive by Germany.
By April of 1945, Germany was being over
run by the Soviets in the East and the Allies
in the West.
Hitler committed suicide on April 30th as the
Soviets were entering Berlin. On May 7th,
Germany surrendered. FDR would not live
to see it, he died on April 12th from a stroke.
The Pacific War




Early in the War, Japan had successfully
taken over much of the Pacific including the
Philippines and had taken American POWs.
As the Japanese began to dominate they
attempted an attack on Midway which was
close to Hawaii. U.S. forces were able to
win the battle, thus pushing the Japanese
back.
The next major battle would take place at
the Coral Sea near Australia. The Allies once
again were able to win.
These two victories were the turning point
in the Pacific and led to a strategy of “island
hopping” to get closer to Japan.


Another major battle signaling the end of
the Japanese empire was the Battle of Leyte
Gulf in which the Philippines was regained.
The next two victories at Iwo Jima and
Okinawa would place the U.S. within striking
distance of Japan.
The Atomic Bomb



The U.S. had been racing with
Germans to building an atomic
bomb.
The Manhattan Project was the
name given to the program that
would build the bomb.
July 16, 1945, an atomic bomb
was tested at Los Alamos, New
Mexico. Germany had already
surrendered.
Victory over Japan


President Truman was faced with the decision of
what to do with the new weapon.
His choice was to fight a prolonged ground war with
Japan that could take years and cost thousands of
American lives, or to drop the bomb.

Truman decided to drop the bomb in an attempt to
save American military lives.

Aug. 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped the 1st atomic
bomb on Hiroshima killing 78,000 Japanese.

Three days later, the 2nd bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki killing 40,000 more.

Japan surrendered unconditionally on Sept. 2, 1945.
Consequences of War

35 million people died worldwide,
both military and civilian
• 400,000 Americans were killed in military
service
• 20 million were Soviet deaths



Atomic power was unleashed
The United Nations was created
The inhumanity of the concentration
camps demonstrated a cruelty beyond
what anyone had imagined.