Download Joint

Arthrology
CH. 8, p. 192 - 225
How will knowing and understanding the joints of the body help me to be a better chiropractor?
• If you understand joint anatomy you can explain joint injuries to patients
• Allows you to understand biomechanics and motion of the body
• Allows you to determine and understand subluxations
• Allows you to understand rehab procedures
• Allows you to prescribe therapeutic regimens to patients with joint injuries
What do you need to know
• The way joints are classified
• The definition of terms as they related to the various joint classifications
• The anatomic differences in the ways bones are held together at a joint
• The different examples of each type of classification
• The different classifications of synovial joints based on movement, types of movement and anatomical shape
of the joint surfaces
• The major joints of the body and the joint classifications that apply to each
• The ligaments assoc. with the major joints of the body
Success principle #7
To heal (remove “quality nerve interference”), remove “doubt” in both doctor and patient and instill “faith” in
both doctor and patient.
Joints
• Definition of a joint
– a place where two or more bones come together.
– does there have to be movement here?
• Articulation
– a joint
• Kinesiology
– the study of the mechanics of motion, biomechanics, study of the movement of joints
Classification of Joints
Many ways to classify joints.
According to the type of material that holds the bones together and the method used to unite the boney
components.
Fibrous joints
• Synarthrosis - joined by fibrous connective tissue
• 3 types:
1) suture - found only in the skull
• serrate suture - sawlike interlocking articulations
• squamous - edges overlap
• plane - edges are smooth and do not overlap
2) syndesmosis - joined by a ligament
• interosseous ligament - FCT sheet between two bones
– between the radius and ulna
– interspinous ligament
– between tibia and fibula
3) gomphoses
• between root of tooth and alveolar socket
Fibrous joints
Fibrous Articulations
Cartilaginous Joint
2 Types:
1) Primary Cartilaginous Joint - synchondrosis
– epiphyseal plates
– costochondral articulation of first rib and manubrium
– these joints typically become a synostosis
2) Secondary Cartilaginous Joint - symphysis, or amphiarthrosis
– symphysis pubis
– intervertebral joint*
– manubriosternal joint
Primary cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis
Secondary cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrosis, Symphysis
Cartilaginous Articulations
Diarthrosis
Synovial Joints
Structure of a Synovial joint
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Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial Fluid
Articular cartilage
Joint cavity
Structure of a Synovial joint
Range of Motion
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Is determined by:
The anatomic shape of the articular surfaces of the ends of the bones forming the joint
The laxity or tightness of the joint capsule
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The presence of adjacent anatomical structures
Planes of Movement
Uniaxial – movement in one plane
– three types - hinge, pivot and plane (gliding)
Biaxial – movement in two planes
– two types - condyloid and saddle
Multiaxial – movement in three planes
– basically one type - ball and socket
Associated Structures
Ligaments
– Intrinsic
– Extrinsic
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Bursae
Associated Structures
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Tendon sheath
Kinds of Synovial Joints
Uniaxial joints
Movement in one plane
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Hinge - ginglymus – flexion and extension
• resembles a door hinge
– Humeroulnar - cubital joint
– Interphalangeal joint
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Pivot - trochoid (means to resemble a pivot or pulley)
Rotation
• One component is shaped like a ring and the other is shaped so that it can rotate within the ring
– Proximal radioulnar joint
– Atlantoaxial joint
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Gliding Joints - plane
• Flat planer surfaces (some joints may demonstrate limited rotation)
– Zygapophyseal joints
– Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
– Sternocostal joints
– Sacroiliac joint
– acromioclavicular joint
Biaxial joints
Movement in two planes
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Condyloid - ellipsoidal joint
flexion-extension,
abduction-adduction
• An oval convex surface fits into a concave depressed surface; flexion and extension and abduction and
adduction
– Radiocarpal joint
– Metacarpophalangeal joint
– Knee joint (double
condyloid)
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Saddle - sellar joint
• flexion-extension
• abduction-adduction
• Each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in the other
– Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
• trapezium and first metacarpal bone
– Sternoclavicular joint
Multiaxial joints
Movement in three planes
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Ball and socket joints - spheroid
– flexion-extension
– abduction-adduction
– rotation
hip - coxofemoral joint
shoulder joint - glenohumeral joint
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Synovial Articulations
How to classify synovial joints
If it is synovial then it is diarthrodial or freely moveable.
• Plane of movement – unaxial, biaxial or multiaxial.
• Type of movement – hinge, pivot, etc.
Shape of articular surfaces – ball and socket, sellar, etc.
• Many joints fit several classifications.
Specific Joints of the Body
NOTE: many joints fit into one or more classifications.
It is rare to find a joint that fits perfectly into one specific category
This is the reason joints can be so confusing
Typically we try to use the classifications which most appropriately apply.
Atlanto-occipital Joint
• Synovial, diarthrodial
• Ginglymus and condyloid - the condyles of the occiput rest on the superior articular facets of the atlas
(condyloid portion); the condyles converge anteriorally and allow motion in one plane (flexion and extension
- hinge portion), nodding the head, “yes” joint.
• There is limited side ways tilting of the head and limited rotation.
Atlanto-occipital Joint
• Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane - anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum, direct
continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament
• Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane - posterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum
Atlanto-occipital Joint
• Lateral Atlanto-occipital membrane - (Anterior Oblique Ligament), these two ligaments connect TP of atlas
to jugular process of occiput
• Articular Capsule (capsular ligament) - these ligaments enclose the articular surfaces and are lined with a
synovial membrane
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Atlanto-occipital Joint
Occipito-Axial Complex
The axis is NOT in direct articulation with the occiput so it is called a complex NOT a joint
Ligaments attach the axis to the occiput
Occipito-Axial Complex
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Membrana-tectoria - occipito-axial ligament, tectorial membrane - continuation of the posterior longitudinal
ligament; attaches on the occipital bone medial to the hypoglossal canal; closely adherent to the cranial dura
once inside the cranial vault
Alar Ligaments - check ligament, odontoid ligament; one on each side, apex of dens to medial surface of
occipital condyles, serve to limit or check the degree of rotation of the axis
Occipito-Axial Complex
Occipito-Axial Complex
Occipito-Axial Complex
Apical ligament (suspensory ligament) - single ligament, tip of dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum;
may be remains of embryonic notochord as there is no disc here
Cruciate ligament - “cross shaped”, AKA cruciform lig.
– transverse ligament of the atlas - lateral mass over posterior aspect of dens to lateral mass
– cranial crus (SLB) - attaches central portion of the transverse ligament to ant. margin of FM
– caudal crus (ILB) - attaches central portion of the transverse ligament to posterior body of axis
Occipito-Axial Complex
Occipito-Axial Complex
Atlantoaxial Joints
2 separate joints here:
both are synovial, diarthrodial
First joint: bilateral joints between the inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior
articular facets of the axis; these zygapophyseal joints are plane, gliding joints
Second joint: the articulation between the dens and anterior arch of the atlas and the dens and
the transverse ligament of the atlas - trochoid, pivot joint
Atlantoaxial Joints
Ligaments associated with the Atlanto-axial joint
Anterior atlanto-axial ligament - anterior surface of body of axis to anterior arch of atlas
Posterior atlanto-axial ligament - from the laminae of the axis to the posterior arch of the atlas
Accessory Ligaments - runs from the medial surface of the lateral masses of atlas down to the posterior
surface of the body at the base of dens - part of tectorial memb.
Atlantoaxial Joints
Atlantoaxial Joints
Atlantoaxial Joints`
Atlantoaxial Joints, cont.
Transverse Ligament of the Atlas - runs from lateral mass across the neural ring over the posterior aspect of the
dens to hold the dens firmly against the fovea dentalis of the atlas, does not attach to the dens, small synovial
pocket between the two
Atlantoaxial Joints
Joint of Luschka
• Uncovertebral joint
• Diarthrosis, synovial
• Between the uncinate processes and a small indentation found on the inferior surface of the vertebra it
articulates with, from C3-C6
• located at the lateral and posterolateral margins of the IVD’s
• typically undergo degeneration with resulting bony outgrowth which may encroach on neighboring structures
such as the vertebral artery and the exiting spinal nerves
Intervertebral Joints
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Secondary cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrotic
Designed for weight bearing and strength
Articular surfaces of adjacent vertebra connected by IV discs and ligament
No disc between C1 and C2
Intervertebral joint
Intervertebral Disc - classified as a ligament by some authors
23 total from C2,3 to L5,S1
25% of the height of the vertebral column
Lordotic curve areas - the disks are thicker (top to bottom) anteriorally
Form inferior half of anterior wall of IVF
Adherent to thin layers of hyaline cartilage which
cover the surfaces of the vertebral bodies
Attach to the anterior and posterior longitudinal
ligaments and to the heads of ribs 2 - 9
Intervertebral Joints, cont.
Components
– Annulus fibrosus - peripheral portion, concentric rings of fibrocartilage, thicker anteriorally
– Nucleus pulposus - 88% H2O at birth, 70% at age 70; more posterior placed; avascular
Intervertebral Joints
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Zygapophyseal Joints
AKA Z-joint, facet joints, interlaminar joints, apophyseal joints
Synovial, diarthrodial, plane (shape of the articular surfaces), gliding (surfaces glide on each other), uniaxial
formed by the prezygapophysis (superior articular facets) and the postzygapophysis (inferior articular facets)
of two adjacent vertebra.
Paired Capsular ligaments - joint capsule
Zygapophyseal Joints
joint capsule is posterolateral
anterior and medial aspect of the joint is covered by the ligamentum flavum
presence of synovial folds in the joint which are pain sensitive
– if these synovial folds become entrapped between articular facets, back pain could result
Zygapophyseal Joints
Movement of the “Z” joint
Translation (linear) motion - movement of an object in a straight line
Rotatory (angular) motion - movement of an object around a fixed axis in a curved path
“Z” joint is capable of both depending on which vertebral segment is being considered.
Spinous Process Articulation
Syndesmosis of the spine
Interspinous ligament - between spinous processes
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Supraspinous ligament - connects tips of spinous processes from C7 - S1 (first sacral tubercle)
Ligamentum nuchae - direct continuation of the supraspinous ligament, from EOP and median nuchal
crest to C7
What about the ligamentum flavum, Anterior longitudinal ligament and the Posterior longitudinal ligament
of the spine?
Spinous Process Articulation
Spinous Process Articulation
Sacroiliac Joint
Synovial, diarthrodial, gliding, plane, multiaxial
Auricular surface of the sacrum (formed by the fused portions of the first 3 sacral vertebra) and the auricular
surfaces of the ilium
Articular cartilage on the iliac side is fibrocartilage
Articular cartilage on the sacral side is hyaline cartilage
In childhood the joint is multiaxial
Sacroiliac joint, cont.
After puberty the joint surfaces change their configuration and motion is restricted to anterior and posterior
movement
– becomes uniaxial
Flexion (rotation) and extension (counter rotation)
Sacroiliac joint, cont.
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Ligaments:
iliolumbar ligaments - TP’s of L4,5 to iliac crest
sacroiliac ligaments - iliac crest to tuberosity of S1-4
sacrospinous ligaments - ischial spines to lateral border of sacrum and coccyx, forms inferior border of
greater sciatic notch
*sacrotuberous ligaments - ischial tuberosity to sacrum and coccyx, forms inferior border of lesser sciatic
notch
Temporomandibular Joint
Synovial, diarthrodial, hinge, gliding, multiaxial, condyloid
Components - articular disc fibrocartilage
Articular surfaces lined with fibrocartilage
Movement – depression and elevation - hinge
– protraction and retraction - gliding
– lateral rotation
Ligaments – lateral ligament - prevents posterior displacement
– stylomandibular - styloid process to ramus of mandible
– sphenomandibular ligament - sphenoid bone to lingula
Articular discs
When two or move joint surfaces are incongruent, there is frequently an accessory joint structure that
contributes to the overall contact of the two surfaces.
These discs are made of fibrocartilage
Present in the TMJ, Sternoclavicular joint, Knee and sometimes the acromioclavicular joint
Temporomandibular Joint, lateral view
Temporomandibular Joint, lateral view
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Sternoclavicular Joint
Only structural attachment of the scapula to the axial skeleton
Synovial, diarthrodial, sellar, multiaxial
Articular surfaces are flat to saddle shaped and covered with fibrocartilage and it acts like a ball and socket
joint
Movements:
– elevation and depression of the clavicle
– protraction and retraction of the clavicle
– rotation of the clavicle
There is an articular disc made of fibrocartilage that separates the joint into two compartments
Sternoclavicular Joint
Ligaments – provide strength so dislocations are rare
Anterior sternoclavicular ligament - covers anterior aspect of the joint
Posterior sternoclavicular ligament - covers posterior aspect of the joint
Interclavicular ligament - attaches the two sternal ends
Costoclavicular ligament - costal cartilage of the first rib to the costal tubercle
Sternoclavicular Joint, anterior view
Costochondral Joints and Costosternal Joints
Ribs 2-7 articulate with costal cartilages (costochondral joints) and the cartilages articulate with the
manubrium and the sternum (costosternal joints)
Costosternal joints of ribs 2-7 - synovial joints, usually obliterate with aging.
Rib one attachment to the manubrium - primary cartilaginous - synchondrosis - no synovial joint here
Costovertebral joints
• Synovial, diarthrodial, plane (capable of rotation and gliding), uniaxial
• formed by the head of a rib and two demifacets of the adjacent vertebra, also includes a small portion with
the interposed IVD
• the 1st, 10th, 11th and 12th ribs articulate with one vertebral body only
Costovertebral joints, cont.
• Ligaments:
– Radiate (stellate) ligament
• 3 bands - superior and inferior that attach to the vertebral bodies and the intermediate which
attaches to the IVD
– Intra-articular ligament
• on ribs 2-10
• head of rib to annulus between demifacets
• divides synovial joint into two cavities
Costotransverse joints
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Synovial, diarthrodial, plane, uniaxial
tubercle of rib and transverse costal facet
allows for some rotation and gliding
last 2 ribs have neither articular tubercles or form CT joints.
Costotransverse ligaments
– superior
– medial and lateral
Manubriosternal and Xiphisternal joints
• Manubriosternal joint - symphysis
– very similar to the symphysis pubis, sometimes called the “symphysis sterni”
– ossification occurs in 10% of older adults
– 33% of older women have a synovial lined cavity that exists secondary to resorption of the central portion
of the fibrocartilaginous disc
• Xiphisternal joint - synchrondosis
– ossifies at 40-50 years of age
Rule of Life
If you think you can or can’t, you’re right!
Glenohumeral Joint
• Synovial, diarthrodial, ball and socket, spheroid, multiaxial
• Components
– head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula, most freely moveable joint in the body
• Ligaments
coracohumeral ligament - coracoid process to greater tubercle of humerus
glenohumeral ligament - thickenings of joint capsule
transverse humeral retinaculum - from greater tubercle to lesser tubercle of humerus, holds
bicipital tendon in place
Glenohumeral Joint, anterior view
Glenohumeral Joint, coronal section
Glenohumeral joint, cont.
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Protected from trauma from above by:
– acromion, coracoid process, lateral aspect of the clavicle
• Bursae
– subdeltoid bursa - between deltoid m and joint capsule
– subacromial bursa - between acromion and joint capsule
• Rotator cuff muscles - musculotendinous cuff
Supraspinatus m. - support from above
Infraspinatus m. - support from posterior
Teres minor m. - support from posterior
Subscapularis m. - support from anterior
Glenohumeral Joint, anterior view
Muscles of the Rotator cuff
Muscles that move the shoulder joint
• Flexors: pectoralis major m., deltoid m. coracobrachialis m. biceps brachii m.
• Extensors: latissimus dorsi m., triceps brachii m.
• Abductors: deltoid m., supraspinatus m.
• Adductors: pectoralis major m., latissimus dorsi m.
• Medial rotators: subscapularis m., deltoid m.
• Lateral rotators: infraspinatus m., teres minor m., deltoid m.
Acromioclavicular joint
• Synovial, diarthrodial, plane, gliding, uniaxial
• Sometimes an intraarticular disc is present
• Articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage
• Movements
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very limited movement
protraction and retraction
elevation and depression
primary function is to maintain the relationship of the clavicle and the scapula in the early stages of
elevation of the upper limb
The Elbow Joint
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Humeroulnar and humeroradial joint
Cubital joint - trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna and the capitulum of the humerus and the head
of the radius
Synovial, diarthrodial, ginglymus, hinge, uniaxial
Ligaments
– Radial (lateral) collateral ligament
– Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
– Annular ligament - encircles the head of the radius
Olecranon bursa - on posterior side of elbow
The Elbow Joint
The Elbow Joint, anterior view
The Elbow Joint, lateral view
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
Formed by the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Trochoid, pivot
Uniaxial
Annular Ligament
Proximal Radioulnar Joint, anterior view
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Synovial, diarthrodial, biaxial
Condyloid
Interphalangeal Joints
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Synovial, diarthrodial, uniaxial
Hinge
Joints of the hand, anterior view
Symphysis Pubis
Secondary cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrosis
Ends of pubic bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and separated by a disc of fibrocartilage
Ligaments
– superior pubic ligament - attaches pubic tubercles
– inferior pubic ligament - inferior ramus
– posterior ligament
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The Coxal (Hip) Joint
Formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the os coxae
Bears weight of the body
Synovial, diarthrodial, ball and socket, spheroid, multiaxial
Acetabular labrum - fibrocartilage
The Coxal (Hip) Joint
Ligaments of the hip
Iliofemoral ligament - “Y” ligament of Bigelow
• AIIS to intertrochanteric line, prevents hyperextension
Pubofemoral ligament
• pubis to intertrochanteric line, limits hyperextension and abduction
Ischiofemoral ligament
• ischium to greater trochanter, limits hyperextension
Ligaments of the hip, cont.
Round ligament - ligamentum teres - ligament of the head of the femur - ligamentum fovea capitis
• intrinsic ligament, fovea capitis of femur to transverse acetabular ligament
Transverse acetabular ligament
• crosses the acetabular notch, connects joint capsule to ligamentum capitis femoris
The Coxal (Hip) Joint, anterior view
The Coxal (Hip) Joint, posterior view
The Coxal (Hip) Joint, lateral view
The Coxal (Hip) Joint, coronal section
Tibiofemoral - Stifle Joint
Largest and most complex joint of body,
Synovial, diarthrodial, “modified hinge”, biaxial
Classified as a double condyloid joint, capable of flexion, extension and medial and lateral rotation
Hyperextension of knee foot on ground - medial rotation of femur
foot not on the ground - lateral rotation of the tibia
Tibiofemoral Joint, anterior view
Ligaments of the knee
Function:
control excessive knee extension
control abduction and adduction stresses
control anterior and posterior displacement of tibia on femur
control medial and lateral rotation of tibia beneath femur
give rotatory stabilization
Ligaments of the knee, cont.
Lateral and medial patellar retinacula - tendinous insertion of quadriceps femoris m. Gives anterior
stability. Attaches to patella and tibial tuberosity
Ligaments of the knee, cont.
Oblique popliteal ligament - posterior aspect of joint capsule, its is a tendinous expansion of the
semimembranous m., provides posterior stability and limits hyperextension.
Ligaments of the knee, cont.
• Arcuate popliteal ligament - head of fibula over tendon of popliteus m. to intercondylar area of tibia and
lateral epicondyle of femur. Limits hyperextension of knee.
• Collateral Ligaments - provide medial and lateral stability
– Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
– Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Tibiofemoral - Stifle Joint, anterior view
Cruciate ligaments
• Anterior cruciate ligament
Anterior tibia to posterior medial
aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur
Prevents anterior displacement
of the tibia on the femur
During extension of the knee
the ACL is pulled taut
Torn ACL = Anterior drawer sign, tibia slides anterior in relation to the femoral condyles
Cruciate ligaments, cont.
• Posterior cruciate ligament
Posterior tibia to lateral aspect of medial condyle
of femur, prevents posterior displacement of the
tibia.
Shorter and less oblique than ACL
During flexion of the knee the PCL is pulled taut
Torn PCL = Posterior drawer sign, tibia slides posterior in relation to femoral condyles
Bursa of the knee
Anserine bursa - deep to tendons of insertion at pes anserinus
Prepatellar bursa - between patella and skin (Housemaid’s knees)
Suprapatellar bursa - between quadriceps tendon and anterior femur
Menisci of the knee
Medial meniscus - semicircular, attached to medial collateral lig. and to semimembranosus m.
Lateral meniscus - 4/5’s of a circle, attached to posterior cruciate lig. And popliteus muscle via coronary lig.
and posterior joint capsule.
Talocrural (ankle) Joint
• Synovial, diarthrodial, hinge, uniaxial
• Ligaments
– Deltoid
• posterior tibiotalar ligament
• tibiocalcaneal ligament
• tibionavicular ligament
• anterior tibiotalar ligament
– Lateral collateral ligaments
• anterior and posterior talofibular ligament
• calcenofibular ligament
Talocrural (ankle) Joint
Talocrural (ankle) Joint
Review of Joint Classification
Classify joints according to type of material that holds them together.
1) Fibrous joints - AKA synarthrosis, held together by FCT. 3 types:
– suture
– syndesmosis
– gomphosis
Review of Joint Classification
2) Cartilaginous joints, 2 types:
– Primary Cartilaginous Joint - synchondrosis
• epiphyseal plate
• costochondral joints
– Secondary Cartilaginous Joint - symphysis
• symphysis pubis
• intervertebral joint
• manubriosternal joint
Review of Joint Classification
3) Synovial joints, AKA diarthrosis
– these joints have specific criteria, ie.
• Joint capsule, Synovial membrane, Synovial Fluid
• Articular cartilage, Joint cavity
• Terms such as type of movement - uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial only apply to synovial joints
• Terms such as hinge, ball and socket, saddle, condyloid, trochoid, plane, gliding, etc only apply to synovial
joints
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The “syns” of joints
syn - Greek for joined, with or together; union
synarthrosis - two bones that form the joint are joined together
synostosis - joined with bone
syndesmosis - joined with a ligament
synchondrosis - joined with cartilage
symphysis - a growing together
synovial - joined and egg (refers to the joint fluid)
Terms Related to Joint Pathology
Strain - stretched or pulled tendon or ligament
Sprain - hyperextension, with tearing of tendons or lig.
Luxation - derangement of the articulating bones that compose a joint
Subluxation - partial dislocation of a joint
Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa
Tendonitis - inflammation of a tendon
Osteoarthritis - degenerative joint disease
Rheumatoid arthritis - an autoimmune disease
Gouty arthritis - abnormal accumulation of uric acid
1) define amphiarthrosis and know which joints would be classified as amphiarthrotic joints
2) know the definitions of the vocabulary words given to you in class
3) what is the difference in a primary verses a secondary cartilaginous joint
4) what criteria make a fibrous joint a fibrous joint?
5) know which types of joints are uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial; ie. hinge joints are uniaxial
6) which classification apply to the zygapophyseal joint
7) which classification apply to the intervertebral joint
8) know examples of each kind of joint discussed in class; ie. which joints would be classified as condyloid
joints?
9) know the classifications that apply to each of the major joints of the body we discussed in class; for example
there will be questions that say something like, “which of the following classifications apply to the atlantooccipital joint?”
10) what are the clinical signs of a dislocated glenohumeral joint?
11) know the ligaments of the cervical spine
12) what is the joint of Luschka? What classifications apply to this joint?
13) know the information discussed concerning the IVD
14) what is a syndesmosis?
15) know the classifications that apply to the TMJ
16) what is an articular disc?
17) classify the sternoclavicular joint
18) what criteria must be present for a joint to be classified as a synovial joint?
19) what is the transverse humeral retinaculum?
20) what is the significance of the subacromial and subdeltoid bursae?
21) know the classifications that apply to the coxofemoral joint
22) know the ligaments, their attachments and their function of the ligaments of the coxofemoral joint
23) know the classifications that apply to the knee joint
24) know the attachments of the cruciate ligaments and their function and clinical signs of a torn ACL or a torn
PCL
25) know the ligaments and retinacula of the knee of the functions of each
26) know the movements of the knee and explain rotation of the knee joint
27) be able to define the terms associated with joints, ie. snyarthrosis, synchondrosis, etc.
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THE END
STUDY EVERYDAY
START MUSCLES
Review for Exam
1) know your vocabulary words
2) know your prefixes and suffixes and word roots
3) What plane divides the body into right and left parts, superior and inferior parts, front and back parts?
4) Define, flexion, extension, inversion, eversion, circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, rotation,
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction.
5) What are the components of an osteon?
6) define popliteal, cubital, manus, plantar, palmar, etc.
7) Differentiate intramembranous from endochondral ossification.
8) Which fontanel closes first and which one closes last?
9) List the sutures of the skull and their location?
10) Where is the bregma, asterion, pterion, lambda?
11) What runs through the supraorbital foramen?
12) What runs through the stylomastoid foramen?
13) What runs through the optic canal?
14) What runs through the superior orbital fissure?
15) What runs through the foramen ovale?
16) What runs through the jugular foramen?
17) What runs through the foramen rotundum?
18) Where is the EOP?What else is it called?
19) Which bones do not touch the sphenoid bone?
20) What are the primary, secondary curves of the spine?
21) What are the components of the neural arch?
22) What is the falx cerebri? Where does it attach rostrally?
23) What is the sella turcica? Where is it and what are its components?
24) Where is the first IVF/ IVD?
25) List the atypical vertebra.
26) What are the boundaries for the vertebral foramen?
27) What structures are unique to cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebra?
28) Which vertebra have transverse foramen?
29) What is the neural ring?
30) How many IVD’s are there in the adult?
31) How many articular surfaces present on C1, C2, T1, T11, L1 ?
32) Which vertebra have names?
33) What is an uncinate process?
34) How many ribs articulate with T1, T6, T12?
35) Attachments for the nuchal ligament?
36) Describe the orientation of the articular facets on thoracic vert., lumbar vert.
37) How many ribs articulate with the manubrium?
38) Describe the anterior long. lig., the post. long lig., lig flavum, interspinous lig., ligamentum nuchae.
39) List the fossae of the scapula and tell their location.
40) What is a costal groove and where is it?
41) Name the carpal bones, which ones articulate with the radius?
42) Name the bones that form the acetabulum?
43) Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
44) Where is the base of the patella? How to tell right from left?
45) How many phalanges are there in the hand?
46) Give examples of fibrous joints.
47) Classify the intervertebral joint and give its components.
48) Attachments for the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane.
49) Differentiate between a primary and a secondary cartilaginous joints.
50) Describe the movement of the knee.
51) List the ligaments of the hip and tell their function.
52) Describe the attachments for the cruciate ligaments.
53) Describe the cruciate ligaments of the cervical region.
54) Classify the uncovertebral joint.
55) What are the components of an IVD?
56) Describe the TMJ.
57) Define synostotic and which joints commonly become synostotic
58) Classify and describe the elbow joint.
59) What are the deltoid ligaments of the tarsus?
60) Classify and describe the shoulder joint.