Download Review- Exam 1

Review- Exam 1
Introduction to Biology II
What are the main feature of prokaryotic and eukarotic cells?
Review definitions: metabolism, homeostasis, photosynthesis
What are the hierarchical levels of biological organization?
Review the binomial nomenclature.
List the levels of taxonomic classification beginning with DOMAIN.
What are the 3 domains and 6 kingdoms? What are characteristics of
each of these taxons?
Review scientific method terminology, especially hypothesis and
theory.
A Darwinian View of Life
Describe how Darwin’s observations on the voyage of the Beagle led
him to formulate his theory of evolution.
What 5 observations were made by Darwin concerning evolution of
populations? What 3 inferences were made based on these
observations?
Distinguish between artificial and natural selection.
How did homologous structures, biogeography and the fossil record
support Darwin’s theory?
What are homologous structures, vestigial structures, and homoplastic
features?
What is meant by convergent evolution?
What is the Modern Synthesis, or synthetic theory of evolution?
Population Genetics
What is meant by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
What conditions must be met for HW equilibrium? Do these conditions
occur regularly in nature?
Determine allelic frequencies in a population using HW equation.
Difficulty level will be similar to the examples using the population of
pigs.
What is the origin of genetic variation
The 5 different factors that affect allele frequencies and their
characteristics
Population bottleneck /founder effect
The different types of natural selection (stabilizing, directional,
disruptive)
What is sexual dimorphism and how does it affect sexual selection and
evolution? Explain the example of the widowbird.
Explain the statement “It is the population, not the individual, that
evolves.”
Define the terms population, species, and gene pool.
Define the term allele frequency and how does it change in
populations
Explain why mutation has little quantitative effect on allele frequencies
in a large population.
Compare and contrast gene drift and gene flow using examples
Describe the advantages of sexual reproduction.
Speciation
Explain the Ernst Mayr’s biological species concept. Also,
morphological species and phylogenetic species concept.
Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation.
Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
Describe five prezygotic isolating mechanisms and give an example of
each.
Explain how polyploidy can cause reproductive isolation.
Why is adaptive radiation particularly common in islands?
Molecular Evolution/Systematics
What is a genome?
Know how a cladogram is constructed.
What is systematics, taxonomy and phylogeny?
What are monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic taxons
(groups)?
What is an outgroup
What are the different types of evidence used in constructing
phylogenetic trees?
Compare synonymous substitutions, non-synonymous substitutions
and pseudogenes. Which has the highest mutation rate?
What is the neutral theory of molecular evolution?
What is gene duplication? Give example
Explain the significance of finding a higher rate of base substitutions in
pseudogenes.
What is a genome and how is genome size related to the complexity of
the organisms?
Is the variation in genomic size due mainly to coding DNA or noncoding DNA?
Explain how nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences are
compared and used to determine relationships between organisms.
How do proteins acquire new functions? Explain with example.
How are the molecules rRNA and mtDNA used to study evolutionary
relationships among organisms?
Distinguish between systematics and taxonomy.
What is phylogeny and what does a phylogenetic tree represent?
Explain why any phylogenetic diagram is viewed as a hypothesis
What is convergent evolution and evolutionary reversal?
Distinguish between homologous and homoplasies giving an example.
Distinguish between ancestral traits and shared derived traits.
Compare the definitions of an ingroup and outgroup.
Explain the principle of parsimony.
Explain how species are named and categorized into a hierarchy of
groups.
List the major taxonomic categories from the most to least inclusive.