Download 03 Our Planet—Earth - Burnet Middle School

Supplemental
Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
atmosphere mixture of gases that
climate average weather pattern for
forms a layer around Earth
biosphere Earth system that
contains all living things
freshwater water that contains less
than 0.2 percent dissolved salts
geosphere solid part of Earth
groundwater water that is stored in
cracks and pores beneath Earth’s
surface
hydrosphere system that contains
all Earth’s water
mineral naturally occurring,
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
inorganic solid that has a crystal
structure and definite chemical
composition
rock naturally occurring solid
composed of minerals and
sometimes other materials such
as organic matter
a region over a long period of time
condensation process by which a
gas changes to a liquid
evaporation process by which a
liquid changes into a gas
precipitation moisture that falls
from clouds to Earth’s surface
pressure force exerted over an area
process natural phenomenon
marked by gradual changes that
lead toward a particular result
rock cycle series of processes that
transport and continually change
rocks into different forms
transpiration process by which
plants release water vapor through
their leaves
water cycle continuous movement
of water on, above, and below
Earth’s surface
weather state of the atmosphere at a
certain time and place
uplift process that moves large
bodies of Earth materials to higher
elevations
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
A. What is Earth?
1. Scientists divide Earth into four
that interact with each
other.
2. Surrounding the planet is an invisible layer of
, which is
Earth’s outermost layer.
3. The liquid layer is made of Earth’s
is
, some of which
and some of which is fresh.
4. Earth’s largest system is the
material, which is made
up of a thin layer of
covering a large sphere of rock.
5. The
is Earth’s system containing all the living things
on the planet.
6. The
has no clear boundaries because it is found within
each of the other three systems of Earth.
B. The Atmosphere
1. A mixture of gases forms a layer around Earth called
.
2. The atmosphere is made up of 78%
, 21%
, and 1%
a. Three trace gases—carbon dioxide,
gases.
, and water
—are important for regulating Earth’s temperature.
b. The atmosphere contains small amounts of
, such as
dust particles.
3. The atmosphere has different layers, which vary in their
a. The
.
is the bottom layer of the atmosphere
b. The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere is
the
.
c. The upper layers of the atmosphere, in order, include the
, the
, and the
, which is the last layer before outer space.
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Our Planet—Earth
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the
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
C. The Hydrosphere
1. The
is the system containing all of Earth’s water.
2. The natural locations where water is stored are called
Earth’s largest
;
is the world ocean, which is salty
because it contains dissolved
.
3. Most of Earth’s
is not liquid, but instead frozen as
in glaciers and in ice caps at the
and the
stored for thousands of years.
, where it can be
4. Lakes and rivers hold less than 1% of Earth’s
, but this
water is easily accessible and so meets the needs of most living things on the planet.
5. About 20% of Earth’s freshwater is stored below Earth’s surface in cracks and pores
as
.
D. The Geosphere
1. The
is the solid part of Earth, which includes the soil
and rocks on land and beneath the oceans.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. The geosphere is made of rock, soil, and
a.
.
are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have
crystal structures and definite chemical compositions.
b. Minerals are identified by their physical properties, including
color,
(the color of the mineral’s powder),
(how easily the mineral can be scratched),
(the way the mineral reflects light), and
shape.
c. A(n)
is a naturally occurring solid composed of
minerals and sometimes other materials such as organic matter.
d. The three kinds of rock are
rock,
rock, and
3. Earth has three layers: The
the
is the thin outer layer;
is the middle and largest layer; the core of Earth
is at the center and is made mainly of
Our Planet—Earth
rock.
.
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term
is used only once.
1. system that contains all Earth’s water
A. atmosphere
2. naturally occurring solid made mainly of minerals
B. biosphere
3. mixture of gases that forms a layer around Earth
4. innermost layer of geosphere
C. core
D. crust
E. geosphere
5. solid part of Earth
F. hydrosphere
6. thick, middle layer of geosphere
G. mantle
7. most common gas in atmosphere
H. mineral
8. Earth system that contains all living things
I. nitrogen
9. outermost layer of geosphere
J. rock
10. inorganic, naturally occurring solid with crystal
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
structure and definite chemical composition
Our Planet—Earth
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term
is used only once.
exosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
troposphere
stratosphere
1. The
contains most of the mass in the atmosphere.
2. The
contains the highest concentration of ozone.
3. The
extends to 85 km above Earth’s surface.
4. The
extends to about 500 km above Earth’s surface.
5. The
is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
6. What are reservoirs?
8. How would you describe the geosphere?
9. What three materials make up the geosphere?
,
, and
10. List the three major layers of the geosphere?
,
, and
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Our Planet—Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Why is ocean water salty?
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Key Concept What are the composition and the structure of the atmosphere?
Directions: Use the table to draw a circle graph showing the composition of gases in the atmosphere.
Composition of the Atmosphere
Gas
Percentage in
Atmosphere
Nitrogen
78%
Oxygen
21%
Trace gases
1%
Directions: Label this graph by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line.
exosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
troposphere
stratosphere
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
2.
500
120
110
100
Altitude (km)
90
80
3.
70
60
50
40
Highest
30 concentration
of ozone
20
10
0
16
4.
5.
–100 –80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 400 600 800
Temperature (°C)
Our Planet—Earth
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Key Concept How is water distributed in the hydrosphere?
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question on the lines provided.
Salt water
(ocean)
97%
Freshwater 3%
Groundwater 20%
Fresh surface
water 1%
Swamps 11%
Rivers 2%
Total water
on Earth
Ice caps
and glaciers 79%
Freshwater
Lakes 87%
Fresh surface
water
1. Where is most water on Earth found?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. How much freshwater is underground?
3. About how much freshwater is easily accessible on Earth’s surface?
4. According to the diagram, how much of Earth’s freshwater is frozen? Where is most
of this frozen water found?
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
5. Which reservoirs store fresh surface water on Earth?
6. How do people reach groundwater?
7. Describe the composition of ocean water. Can it be used by most living things?
Explain your answer.
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Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Key Concept What are Earth’s systems?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. What is the biosphere?
2. Does the biosphere have
clear boundaries?
Explain.
3. What is the atmosphere?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What two gases make
up most of the
atmosphere?
5. Where does most
weather occur in
the atmosphere?
6. What is the hydrosphere?
7. What is the geosphere?
8. What are the main layers
of the geosphere?
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Our Planet—Earth
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Key Concept What are the composition and the structure of the geosphere?
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
1. What is a mineral?
2. How can you identify minerals?
3. What is a rock?
4. What are the three main kinds of rocks?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
,
, and
5. In addition to rocks, what other kinds of materials are found in the geosphere?
Directions: Draw a diagram of Earth’s four major layers using the space provided. Then label your diagram by
writing the correct term from the word bank.
crust
Our Planet—Earth
inner core
mantle
outer core
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. includes glaciers, rivers, and the oceans
A. atmosphere
2. the thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
B. biosphere
3. Earth system that contains all living things
C. geosphere
4. the solid part of Earth
D. hydrosphere
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
5. Which lists the gases in the air from most to least abundant?
A. oxygen, nitrogen, trace gases
B. trace gases, oxygen, nitrogen
C. nitrogen, oxygen, trace gases
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Weather takes place because
A. gases move in the troposphere.
B. the stratosphere contains the ozone layer.
C. the thermosphere is the hottest layer of the atmosphere.
7. Most of the water on Earth is
A. found underground.
B. stored in the oceans.
C. present in the atmosphere.
8. Where is most of Earth’s freshwater?
A. frozen in glaciers
B. in rivers and lakes
C. in the cracks and pores of rocks and soil
9. Earth’s geosphere does NOT include
A. soil, rocks, and minerals.
B. the crust, mantle, and core.
C. groundwater, rivers, and lakes.
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Our Planet—Earth
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
Earth Systems
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Weather takes place in the
.
2. Earth’s geosphere is divided into three layers: the
the
,
, and the
3. Earth’s
.
contains all living things.
4. The
is the layer of the atmosphere that contains ozone.
5. Earth’s hydrosphere includes
,
,
,
, and
,
.
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Describe the composition of the atmosphere.
7. Summarize how water is distributed on Earth.
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
A. The Water Cycle
1. The continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface is called
the
cycle.
2. The energy to move water and allow it to change
a(n)
the
, from
to a gas or a solid ultimately comes from
.
3. The process by which a liquid, such as water, changes into a gas is
called
.
4. About 90% of the water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere enters through
from the
and other bodies
of water.
a. About 10% of the water enters the atmosphere through
, during which plants release water vapor through
leaves.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b. Water vapor also enters the atmosphere through
,
which takes place in many cells and produces water and carbon dioxide.
5. As water rises through the troposphere and cools, it changes from a(n)
to a(n)
through the
process of condensation; when the tiny drops of water come together, they
form
6.
.
is moisture that falls to Earth’s surface.
B. Changes in the Atmosphere
1. Most changes that take place in the atmosphere take place in
the
.
2. The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place is called
the
.
a. The average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules is
air
.
b. The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is called
air
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.
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
c. The movement of air caused by differences in air pressure
is
.
d. The amount of water vapor in a given volume of air is
;
clouds and precipitation are more likely when
high.
is
3. The average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time is
called
a.
.
can affect the amount of precipitation an area
receives by causing the
b.
effect.
blowing the ocean causes
currents in the water that flow like rivers, moving the
energy in water from place to place.
C. The Rock Cycle
1. The series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different
forms is called the
cycle.
2. When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it becomes
rock.
called
.
4. The process by which glaciers, wind, water, and the activities
of
break down rock into sediments is called
; the process by which glaciers, wind, or water
carry sediments to new locations is called
5. Due to erosion,
.
are deposited in layers, one on top of
the other.
6. The weight of upper layers of sediments pushes down on underlying sediment
. Water surrounding the sediments often contains
dissolved
, which crystallize, and cement
the sediments together, forming
7.
rock forms when any kind of rock is subject to high
temperatures and
28
rock.
deep below Earth’s surface.
Our Planet—Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. The process that moves large bodies of Earth materials to higher elevations is
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Liquid water evaporates into a gas called
.
2. About 10 percent of the water that evaporates is produced by plants
during
.
3. A(n)
forms when millions of water droplets in the
atmosphere come together.
4. Rain and snow are kinds of
.
5. Igneous rocks form when magma
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
and
.
6. The process of
breaks down rocks into sediments.
7. The process of
carries sediments to new locations.
8.
rocks form when high temperatures and pressure change
rocks.
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Name
Date
Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 2
Word-Usage Activity: Adding the Suffix –tion
Many verbs can be made into nouns by adding the ending –tion.
Verb
Noun
retract
retraction
In many cases, the final –e of the verb is dropped. Some verbs will need another letter
added before adding the ending –tion.
Verb
Noun
observe
observation
form
formation
Directions: Read the following sentences. Change each verb in parentheses to a noun and write the correct form
on the line.
1. Some of the water in Earth’s atmosphere is produced by plants through the process of
(transpire)
.
2. (Evaporate)
is the process that changes water into gas.
, our soccer
game was cancelled.
4. Clouds form when millions of water droplets come together through
(condense)
.
5. On Earth’s surface, many (interact)
among the
hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the atmosphere take place.
6. As magma cools below the surface of Earth, (crystallize)
takes place and changes the molten material into igneous rock.
7. (Cement)
occurs when minerals dissolved in surrounding
water crystallize between grains of sediment.
8. The process of uplift has the ability to move a large body of Earth material to a higher
(elevate)
32
.
Our Planet—Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Because of the large amount of (precipitate)
Name
Date
Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 2
Word-Usage Activity: Greek Prefixes
A prefix is a word part that is used before the main part, called the root, of a word. The
prefix can change the meaning of the root word. For example, the words atmosphere and
hydrosphere have the same root, but different prefixes. The prefixes give these words
different meanings. Many prefixes have Greek origins. The meanings of eight prefixes with
Greek origins are given in the table below.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prefix
Greek Origin
Meaning
atmo–
atmos
vapor
bio–
bios
life
exo–
exo-
outside
geo–
geo-
Earth
hydro–
hudro
water
meso–
mesos
middle
meta–
meta
beside, after
thermo–
therme-
heat
Directions: Study the Greek prefixes above and their meanings. On the line before each phrase, write the letter of
the term that matches it correctly.
1. all of Earth’s water
A. mesosphere
2. air that surrounds Earth
B. hydrosphere
3. the last atmospheric layer before outer space
C. thermosphere
4. temperature increases in this atmospheric layer
D. metamorphic
E. exosphere
5. all living things
F. atmosphere
6. existing rock changed into new rock
G. biosphere
7. the solid part of Earth
H. geosphere
8. between the stratosphere and the thermosphere
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Key Concept How does the water cycle show interactions of Earth systems?
Directions: Complete the concept map by writing the correct term or phrase from the word bank in the space
provided. Each term is used only once.
condensation
Liquid changes into gas.
Plants release water vapor through their leaves.
precipitation
transpiration
The
Water
Cycle
evaporation
Moisture falls
from clouds.
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Use the concepts of transpiration and respiration to show interactions between the
atmosphere and the biosphere.
2. Use the concept of precipitation to show interactions between the atmosphere and the
geosphere.
36
Our Planet—Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Gas changes
to liquid.
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Key Concept How does weather show interactions of Earth systems?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place is called
A. climate.
B. erosion.
C. weather.
2. The measure of the average amount of energy produced by the motion of air
molecules is
A. wind.
B. pressure.
C. air temperature.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is
A. wind.
B. humidity.
C. air pressure.
4. Wind is the movement of air caused by differences in
A. humidity.
B. air pressure.
C. temperature.
5. The amount of water vapor in a given amount of air is
A. wind.
B. humidity.
C. temperature.
6. Clouds are more likely to form when
A. humidity is high.
B. air pressure is high.
C. air temperature is high.
Our Planet—Earth
37
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Key Concept How does weather show interactions of Earth systems?
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
1. What is climate?
2. What is one reason that climates differ?
3. How can mountains affect climate?
4. How can ocean currents affect climate?
38
Our Planet—Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Draw a rain-shadow effect in the space provided. Be sure to label your drawing. Use arrows to show
the direction of the wind.
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Key Concept How does the rock cycle show interactions of Earth systems?
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term
is used only once.
cemented
compacted
deposited
erode
igneous
lava
metamorphic
rock cycle
sedimentary
uplift
weather
The (1.)
is the series of processes that transport and continually
change rocks into different forms. Magma located inside the geosphere can flow onto
Earth’s surface, where it is called (2.)
crystallizes, it forms (3.)
(4.)
. When magma cools and
rock.
is the process that moves large bodies of Earth materials
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
to higher elevations. Rocks that are deep below Earth’s surface can move up to the surface.
There, wind and water can (5.)
(6.)
and
the rocks. These processes change the rocks into sediments.
Over time, the sediments are (7.)
in new places. The weight
of overlying sediments pushes down on underlying layers. The sediments are
(8.)
processes form (10.)
and (9.)
together. These
rocks. Rocks can be buried deep within
Earth where pressures and temperatures are extreme. The high pressure and temperatures
change the rocks into (11.)
Our Planet—Earth
rocks.
39
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Evaporation is an interaction between Earth’s
A. geosphere and biosphere.
B. hydrosphere and geosphere.
C. hydrosphere and atmosphere.
2. Cellular respiration is the interaction between the
A. geosphere and biosphere.
B. biosphere and atmosphere.
C. atmosphere and hydrosphere.
3. A rain shadow forms as the result of interactions between the
A. atmosphere and biosphere.
B. atmosphere and geosphere.
C. geosphere and hydrosphere.
5. Igneous rocks form as the result of interactions
A. in the geosphere.
B. between the hydrosphere and atmosphere.
C. between the atmosphere and the geosphere.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
6. process by which plants release water vapor
to the air
A. condensation
B. evaporation
7. any form of water that falls from clouds
C. precipitation
8. process by which a gas changes to a liquid
D. transpiration
9. process by which a liquid changes to a gas
42
Our Planet—Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Weather and climate result from interactions
A. in the geosphere.
B. between the biosphere and the atmosphere.
C. among the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Interactions of Earth Systems
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.
1.
is the release of water vapor into the air by plant leaves.
2. Clouds form as the result of
3.
.
is any form of water that falls to Earth form the clouds.
4. The process by which water “disappears” from a puddle and enters the
air is
.
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. An interaction between the biosphere and atmosphere is
A. respiration.
B. precipitation.
C. crystallization.
D. metamorphism.
6. An example of a geosphere-atmosphere interaction is
A. transpiration.
B. condensation.
C. a rain shadow.
D. the formation of igneous rocks.
7. Weather and climate result from interactions
A. within the atmosphere.
B. between the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
C. between the geosphere and the hydrosphere.
D. among the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
8. Sedimentary rocks form as the result of interactions
A. in the geosphere.
B. between the hydrosphere and atmosphere.
C. between the atmosphere and the geosphere.
D. among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.
Our Planet—Earth
43
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Earth Systems
A. What is Earth?
1. Scientists divide Earth into four systems that all interact with each other.
2. Surrounding the planet is an invisible layer of gases, which is Earth’s outermost layer.
is fresh.
3. The liquid layer is made of Earth’s water, some of which is salty and some of which
4. Earth’s largest system is the solid material, which is made up of a thin layer of soil
covering a large sphere of rock.
5. The biosphere is Earth’s system containing all the living things on the planet.
three systems of Earth.
6. The biosphere has no clear boundaries because it is found within each of the other
B. The Atmosphere
1. A mixture of gases forms a layer around Earth called the atmosphere.
2. The atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases.
a. Three trace gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor—are important for
regulating Earth’s temperature.
b. The atmosphere contains small amounts of solids, such as dust particles.
a. The troposphere is the bottom layer of the atmosphere.
3. The atmosphere has different layers, which vary in their temperature.
b. The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere is the stratosphere.
thermosphere, and the exosphere, which is the last layer before outer space.
c. The upper layers of the atmosphere, in order, include the mesophere, the
as groundwater.
Our Planet—Earth
5. About 20% of Earth’s freshwater is stored below Earth’s surface in cracks and pores
accessible and so meets the needs of most living things on the planet.
4. Lakes and rivers hold less than 1% of Earth’s freshwater, but this water is easily
3. Most of Earth’s freshwater is not liquid, but instead frozen as ice in glaciers and in
ice caps at the North Pole and the South Pole, where it can be stored for thousands
of years.
reservoir is the world ocean, which is salty because it contains dissolved minerals.
2. The natural locations where water is stored are called reservoirs; Earth’s largest
1. The hydrosphere is the system containing all of Earth’s water.
C. The Hydrosphere
T2
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Lesson Outline continued
D. The Geosphere
and beneath the oceans.
1. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, which includes the soil and rocks on land
2. The geosphere is made of rock, soil, and metal.
definite chemical compositions.
a. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have crystal structures and
b. Minerals are identified by their physical properties, including color, streak (the
color of the mineral’s powder), hardness (how easily the mineral can be
scratched), luster (the way the mineral reflects light), and crystal shape.
other materials such as organic matter.
c. A(n) rock is a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes
rock.
d. The three kinds of rock are igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic
and largest layer; the core of Earth is at the center and is made mainly of metal.
3. Earth has three layers: The crust is the thin outer layer; the mantle is the middle
Discussion Question
Name and describe Earth’s five systems.
Earth’s systems include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.
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T3
The force of Earth’s gravity pulls molecules of gases into a layer of mostly nitrogen gas and
oxygen gas around Earth called the atmosphere. The hydrosphere contains all Earth’s water,
both freshwater and salt water. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, including soil, rock,
and metal. The hydrosphere contains all living things, and is found within the other three
Earth systems.
Our Planet—Earth
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Interactions of Earth Systems
A. The Water Cycle
1. The continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface is called
the water cycle.
a solid ultimately comes from the Sun.
2. The energy to move water and allow it to change state, from a(n) liquid to a gas or
3. The process by which a liquid, such as water, changes into a gas is called evaporation.
from the oceans and other bodies of water.
4. About 90% of the water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere enters through evaporation
which iplants release water vapor through leaves.
a. About 10% of the water enters the atmosphere through transpiration, during
place in many cells and produces water and carbon dioxide.
b. Water vapor also enters the atmosphere through cellular respiration, which takes
5. As water rises through the troposphere and cools, it changes from a(n) gas to a(n)
liquid through the process of condensation; when the tiny drops of water come
together, they form clouds.
6. Precipitation is moisture that falls to Earth’s surface.
B. Changes in the Atmosphere
1. Most changes that take place in the atmosphere take place in the troposphere.
2. The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place is called the weather.
temperature.
a. The average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules is air
b. The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is called air pressure.
c. The movement of air caused by differences in air pressure is wind.
precipitation are more likely when humidity is high.
d. The amount of water vapor in a given volume of air is humidity; clouds and
3. The average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time is called climate.
the rain-shadow effect.
a. Mountains can affect the amount of precipitation an area receives by causing
moving the thermal energy in water from place to place.
b. Wind blowing the ocean causes surface currents in the water that flow like rivers,
forms is called the rock cycle.
2. When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it becomes igneous rock.
Our Planet—Earth
1. The series of processes that transport and continually change rocks into different
C. The Rock Cycle
T4
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Lesson Outline continued
uplift.
3. The process that moves large bodies of Earth materials to higher elevations is called
4. The process by which glaciers, wind, water, and the activities of organisms break
down rock into sediments is called weathering; the process by which glaciers, wind,
or water carry sediments to new locations is called erosion.
5. Due to erosion, sediments are deposited in layers, one on top of the other.
6. The weight of upper layers of sediments pushes down on underlying sediment layers.
Water surrounding the sediments often contains dissolved minerals, which
crystallize, and cement the sediments together, forming sedimentary rock.
pressures deep below Earth’s surface.
7. Metamorphic rock forms when any kind of rock is subject to high temperatures and
Discussion Question
Name the three main types of rock and discuss how each takes part in the rock cycle.
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T5
The three main kinds of rock are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Igneous rock
forms when molten rock (magma) crystallizes and hardens at or beneath Earth’s surface;
igneous rock below Earth’s surface can be brought to the surface due to uplift. Metamorphic
rock forms deep below Earth’s surface, when any of the three main kinds of rock are subject
to high temperatures and pressures; like igneous rock, metamorphic rock can be brought to
the surface due to uplift. Sedimentary rock forms at Earth’s surface when any kind of rock
is subject to weathering and erosion; layers of sediments are deposited one on top of the
other, the lower layers become compacted, and minerals crystallize between the sediments,
cementing the sediments together.
Our Planet—Earth
C120_062_065_CRF_AnsOut_892470.i65 65
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.