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Virginia Practice Series: Tort and Personal Injury
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Peter N. Swisher
University of Richmond, [email protected]
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VIRGINIA
PRACTICE SERIES™
Volume 13
TORT AND PERSONAL INJURY LAW
2015 Edition
Issued June 2015
By
PETER NASH SWISHER
Professor of Law
University of Richmond Law School
ROBERT E. DRAIM
Member of the Virginia State Bar
DAVID D. HUDGINS
Member of the Virginia State. Bar
UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND
JUN 2 9 2015
For Customer Assistance Call 1-800-328-4880
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© 2015 Thomson Reuters
This publication was created to provide you with accurate and authoritative information concerning the subject matter covered; however, this publication was
not necessarily prepared by persons licensed to practice law in a particular
jurisdiction. The publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or other professional advice and this publication is not a substitute for the advice of an
attorney. If you require legal or other expert advice, you should seek the services of a competent attorney or other professional.
ind authoritative inthis publication was
law in a particular
gal or other profes>r the advice of an
1hould seek the ser-
INTRODUCTION TO 2015 EDITION
This edition of Virginia Practice: Tort and Personal Injury
Law continues with the same general organization as preceding
editions, while also continuing to provide updated caselaw and
statutory citations and analysis on the many facets of tort and
personal injury law in Virginia.
Although Virginia tort and personal injury law has evolved
over the course of centuries, each year brings new cases and
statutes which clarify, supplement, modify, and in some cases
even abrogate, long-standing legal authority. This past year was
no exception. One of the more important cases decided during
2015 was the Supreme Court of Virginia's decision in Shevlin
Smith v. McLaughlin, 769 S.E.2d 7 (Va. 2015), addressing several previously unanswered questions of Virginia law in legal
malpractice actions. (Although legal malpractice cases in Virginia
are considered to be claims for "breach of contract," we discuss
legal malpractice in our work on tort and personal injury law
because they nevertheless involve a number of tort concepts and
defenses).
In Shevlin Smith v. McLaughlin, the Court held that an attorney cannot be held liable for failing to correctly predict the
outcome of an unsettled legal issue. The Court further held that
"collectability'' of a judgment against the underlying defendant is
relevant in a legal malpractice action, because a legal malpractice plaintiffs damages for a lost claim can only be measured by
the amount that could have actually been collected from the
underlying defendant in the absence of the attorney's negligence.
On this issue, the Court held that the plaintiff does not have the
burden of proving collectability; rather, the attorney defendant
has the burden to plead and prove as an affirmative defense that
the claim was not collectible. The Court in Shevlin Smith also
held that recovery for legal malpractice in Virginia is limited to
pecuniary loss, and does not include non-pecuniary loss such as
mental anguish, emotional distress or humiliation. For the same
reason, the Court held that a plaintiff suing his former criminal
defense counsel for legal malpractice cannot recover nonpecuniary damages for his wrongful incarceration.
iii
Summary of Contents
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Introduction
Intentional Torts
Negligence in General
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Medical Malpractice
Professional Malpractice
Premises Liability Actions
Nuisance
Tortious Interference
Fraud and Misrepresentation
Emotional Distress
Defamation
Invasion of the Right to Privacy
Strict Liability Actions Based Upon Abnormally
Dangerous Animals and Activities
Products Liability
Multiple Tortfeasors
Wrongful Death Actions
Workers' Compensation
Pleading and Practice Forms
Table of Laws and Rules
Table of Cases
Index
xv
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
§ 1:1
§ 1:2
§ 1:3
§ 1:4
§ 1:5
§ 1:6
§ 1:7
§ 1:8
§ 1:9
§ 1:10
§ 1:11
§ 1:12
§ 1:13
Introduction-What is tort law?
Evolution of American tort law
Foundations of Virginia tort law
Procedural steps in initiating and defending a Virginia
tort action
-State tort actions
- -The pleadings
- -Discovery
- -Pre-trial challenges
--Trial
--Appeals
-Federal tort actions
Tort law practice and contemporary concerns
The restatements of the law of torts: A brief overview
CHAPTER 2. INTENTIONAL TORTS
I. .GENERALLY
§ 2:1
§ 2:2
§ 2:3
§ 2:4
§ 2:5
§ 2:6
Introduction
The intent or "substantial certainty" requirement
The doctrine of transferred intent
The mistake doctrine
Infancy
Insanity
II. TYPES OF INTENTIONAL TORTS
§ 2:7
§ 2:8
§ 2:9
§2:10
§ 2:11
§ 2:12
§ 2:13
§ 2:14
The definition of battery
The distinction between tort law assault and battery
Battery in general
Assault
False imprisonment and false arrest
Trespass to chattel and conversion
Trespass to land
Intentional infliction of emotional distress
III. DEFENSES TO INTENTIONAL TORTS
§2:15
§ 2:16
Express and implied consent
Self-defense
xvii
VIRGINIA TORT AND PERSONAL INJURY LAW
§ 2:17
§ 2:18
§ 2:19
§ 2:20
§ 2:21
§ 2:22
§2:23
§2:24
§ 2:25
§ 2:26
Defense of others
Defense and recovery of property
Public and private necessity-Generally
Public necessity
Private necessity
Legal process
Discipline
Justification
Ecclesiastical dispute defense available to clergy
Sovereign immunity and government agents
CHAPTER 3. NEGLIGENCE IN GENERAL
§3:1
§3:2
§3:3
§ 3:4
§ 3:5
§ 3:6
§ 3:7
§3:8
§3:9
§3:10
§ 3:11
§ 3:12
§ 3:13
§3:14
§3:15
§3:16
§ 3:17
§ 3:18
§ 3:19
§ 3:20
§3:21
§3:22
§ 3:23
§ 3:24
§ 3:25
§3:26
§ 3:27
§ 3:28
xviii
Introduction
Duty and breach of duty-Generally
-The objective reasonable person standard of care
-The standard of care for minors
-The standard of care for physically disabled persons
-Mentally disabled persons
-The reasonable professional standard of care
-Sudden emergency doctrine
-Unavoidable accidents
-Duty to act-Special relationships
Breach of fiduciary duty
Duty and breach of duty-Negligent entrustment and
negligent supervision
-Negligent infliction of emotional distress
-Unborn children
-Degrees of negligence
-Statutory violations and negligence per se
Legal causation-Introduction
Causation in fact-"But for" causation
-Concurrent causation-The substantial factor rule
-Shifting the burden of proof in unique cause-in-fact
cases-Generally
- -Summers v. Tice: the alternative liability theory
- -Market share and enterprise liability theories
Proximate causation-Introduction
-Foreseeability of the plaintiff and rescuers-The
foreseeable plaintiff
- -The foreseeable rescuer
-Foreseeability of harm in a direct causal chain of
events
-Foreseeable and unforeseeable intervening causesGenerally
- -Intervening negligent acts
§:
§:
§:
§:
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
§
!
!
ERSONAL INJURY LAW
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 3:29
§ 3:30
§ 3:31
§ 3:32
clergy
tts
GENERAL
d of care
>led persons
care
;tment and
octor rule
use-in-fact
ity theory
;heories
·s-The
chain of
§3:33
§ 3:34
§ 3:35
§3:36
§3:37
§ 3:38
§ 3:39
§ 3:40
§3:41
§ 3:42
§ 3:43
§ 3:44
§3:45
§3:46
§ 3:47
§ 3:48
§3:49
§ 3:50
§ 3:51
§ 3:52
§ 3:53
§ 3:54
§ 3:55
§3:56
§3:57
§ 3:58
§3:59
§ 3:60
§ 3:61
§3:62
§ 3:63
§ 3:64
gcauses§ 3:65
§ 3:66
- -Intervening intentional or criminal acts
- -Intervening acts of God or natural events
-The extent of harm
Actual and proximate causation-Functions of the
court and jury
Damages-Introduction
-Compensatory damages
-Punitive damages
-Collateral source rule
-Plaintifl's duty to mitigate damages
-Liability insurance issues
Proof of negligence-Introduction
-Direct evidence
-Circumstantial evidence
-Res ipsa loquitur
-Habit, custom, and practice
-Witness and expert witness testimony
Defenses to negligence-Introduction
-Contributory negligence-Generally
-Contributory negligence in Virginia
-Contributory negligence-When contributory
negligence will not apply
-Comparative negligence-Generally
--In Virginia
-Assumption of risk-Introduction
- -Express assumption of risk-Pre-injury release
forms
- -Implied assumption of risk
-Statutes of limitation and repose
-Immunities-Generally
- -Charitable immunity
- -Intrafamily tort immunity-Interspousal tort
immunity and liability
- - -Parent and child tort immunity
--Governmental (or sovereign) immunityGenerally
- - -Liability under the Federal Tort Claims Act
- - -Liability under the Virginia Tort Claims Act
- - -Immunity and liability of Virginia counties and
cities
- -Statutory immunity for private individuals
Vicarious liability and imputed negligence-Introduction
-Scope of employment issues
-Independent contractors
xix
VIRGINIA TORT AND PERSONAL INJURY LAW
§ 3:67
§ 3:68
§ 3:69
-Apparent authority
-Other bases for vicarious liability
-Imputed contributory negligence
CHAPTER 4. MOTOR VEHICLE
ACCIDENTS
§ 4:1
§ 4:2
§ 4:3
§ 4:4
§ 4:5
§ 4:6
§ 4:7
§ 4:8
§ 4:9
§ 4:10
§ 4:11
§ 4:12
§ 4:13
§ 4:14
§ 4:15
§ 4:16
§ 4:17
§ 4:18
§ 4:19
§ 4:20
§ 4:21
§ 4:22
§ 4:23
§ 4:24
§ 4:25
§ 4:26
§ 4:27
§ 4:28
§ 4:29
§ 4:30
§ 4:31
§ 4:32
§ 4:33
§ 4:34
§ 4:35
§ 4:36
Introduction
Duty of care-Generally
-Owed by motorist
-Degree of standard of care
-Reasonable person stani;lard
-Intoxicated drivers
-Mentally and physically impaired drivers
-Owed by common carrier
-Owed by owner
Breach of care-Generally
-Res ipsa loquitur
-Negligence per se
Causation-Cause in fact, "but for"
-Proximate cause
-Intervening and superseding causes
-Concurrent cause
Damages-Generally
-Punitive damages
-Guest statute
Defenses-Generally
-Contributory negligence
-Failure to wear a seatbelt
-Assumption of the risk
-Last clear chance
-Unavoidable accident and sudden emergency
-Intra-family immunity
-Statute of limitations
Vicarious liability
Liability-Imputed to owner
-Family purpose doctrine
-Owner consent
-Negligent entrustment
-Guest passengers
Automobile insurance-General overview
-Uninsured/Underinsured motorist
-Medical payment coverage
CHAPTER 5. MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
§ 5:1
xx
Introduction
rs
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 5:2
§ 5:3
§ 5:4
§ 5:5
§ 5:6
§5:7
§ 5:8
§ 5:9
§ 5:10
§ 5:11
§5:12
§ 5:13
§ 5:14
§ 5:15
§ 5:16
CHAPTER 6. PROFESSIONAL
MALPRACTICE
§ 6: 1
§ 6:2
§ 6:3.
Professional malpractice in general
Legal malpractice actions
Vicarious liability issues
CHAPTER 7. PREMISES LIABILITY
ACTIONS
§ 7:1
§ 7:2
§ 7:3
§ 7:4
§ 7:5
ency
\CTI CE
The Medical Malpractice Act
Standard of care
Informed consent
Types of causes of action-Infinite variety exists
-Fetus injuries
-Malpractice claims related to birth
-Wrongful death
Causation
Damages-Under the Medical Malpractice Act
-Contributory negligence
Expert testimony
Medical malpractice review panel
Immunity-Sovereign immunity
-Charitable immunity
Statute of limitations
§ 7:6
§ 7:7
§ 7:8
§ 7:9
§ 7:10
§ 7:11
§ 7:12
Introduction
Trespassers-Adult trespassers
-Trespassing children
Licensees-In general
-Duty of landowners under Virginia's "recreational
use" statute
Invitees-In general
-Slip-and-fall cases
-Lessor and lessee issues
-Public employees-Generally
- -Firefighters, police officers, and emergency
medical personnel
-Acts of third persons or animals
Abolition of status-based categories for premises
liability actions
CHAPTER 8. NUISANCE
I.
INTRODUCTION
§ 8:1
Background and history
xxi
VIRGINIA TORT AND PERSONAL INJURY LAW
§ 8:2
Distinguishing nuisance from trespass to land
II. PRIVATE NUISANCE
§ 8:3
§ 8:4
§ 8:5
§ 8:6
Definition and general application
Substantial and unreasonable interference required
Factors considered in determining whether an activity
is a nuisance
Remedies
III. PUBLIC NUISANCE
§ 8:7
§ 8:8
Definition and general application
Remedies
CHAPTER 9. TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE
§ 9:1
§ 9:2
§ 9:3
§ 9:4
§ 9:5
§ 9:6
§ 9:7
§ 9:8
Introduction
Tortious interference with parental rights
Tortious interference with contract
Tortious interference with business relations
Damages
Defenses
The Business Conspiracy Act
Trade secrets
CHAPTER 10. FRAUD AND
MISREPRESENTATION
I. INTRODUCTION
§ 10: 1
Overview of tortious misrepresentation and fraud
II. FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION
§ 10:2
§ 10:3
§ 10:4
General principles
Proving the necessary elements of fraud
Remedies for fraudulent misrepresentation
III. CONSTRUCTIVE FRAUD
§ 10:5
§ 10:6
General principles
Remedies for constructive fraud
CHAPTER 11. EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
§ 11:1
§ 11:2
xxii
Historical background
Intentional infliction of emotional distress
'ERSONAL INJURY LAW
md
required
· an activity
tFERENCE
lS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.· § 11:3
§ 11:4
§ 11:5
§ 11:6
§ 11:7
-Third-party recovery
Negligent infliction of emotional distress
-Examples of sufficient physical injury
-Exceptions to physical injury requirement
-Third-party recovery
CHAPTER 12. DEFAMATION
§ 12:1
§ 12:2
§ 12:3
§ 12:4
§ 12:5
§ 12:6
§ 12:7
§ 12:8
§ 12:9
§ 12:10
§ 12:11
§ 12:12
§ 12:13
Definitions and overview
Parties to a defamation action
Elements of defamation-Publication
-False and defamatory statement
-Intent
Slander of title
Virginia statutory action for insulting words
Damages
Justification and mitigation of damages
Defenses-Truth
-Privileged communications-Generally
- -Absolute privilege
- -Qualified privilege
CHAPTER 13. INVASION OF THE RIGHT
TO PRIVACY
:I fraud
§ 13:1
§ 13:2
§ 13:3
§ 13:4
§ 13:5
§ 13:6
TION
§ 13:7
TRESS
Introduction
Unauthorized use of a name or picture of any person
The Virginia "Peeping and Spying" statute
The Virginia stalking statute
The Virginia computer invasion of privacy statute
The Virginia Government Data Collection and
Dissemination Practices Act
The Virginia Freedom of Information Act
CHAPTER 14. STRICT LIABILITY ACTIONS
BASED UPON ABNORMALLY DANGEROUS
ANIMALS AND ACTIVITIES
§ 14:1
§ 14:2
§ 14:3
§ 14:4
§ 14:5
§ 14:6
Introduction
Strict liability for animals-Trespassing animals
-Abnormally dangerous domestic animals
-Wild animals
Strict liability for abnormally dangerous activitiesGenerally
-Abnormally dangerous activities on land: Rylands
v. Fletcher
xxiii
VIRGINIA TORT AND PERSONAL INJURY LAW
§ 14:7
§ 14:8
§ 14:9
§ 14:10
-Strict liability for explosives and high energy
activities
-For poisons and other toxic materials
Causation requirements for strict liability actions
Defenses to strict liability actions
CHAPTER 15. PRODUCTS LIABILITY
§ 15:1
§ 15:2
§ 15:3
§ 15:4
§ 15:5
§ 15:6
§ 15:7
§ 15:8
§ 15:9
§ 15:10
§ 15:11
§ 15:12
§ 15:13
§ 15:14
§ 15:15
§ 15:16
§ 15:17
§ 15:18
§ 15:19
§ 15:2.0
§ 15:21
§ 15:22
§ 15:23
§ 15:24
§ 15:25
§ 15:26
§ 15:27
§ 15:28
§ 15:29
§ 15:30
§ 15:31
§ 15:32
§ 15:33
§ 15:34
§ 15:35
§ 15:36
xxiv
Introduction
Causes of action-Generally
-Negligence-Generally
--Negligent design
--Negligent manufacture
--Negligent failure to warn
-Breach of warranty-Generally
- -Express warranty
- -Breach of implied warranty-Generally
- - -Implied warranty of merchantability
- - -Implied warranty of fitness for a particular
purpose
-Strict liability
~Breach of statutory duties
.-Fraud
Causation-Generally
-Proximate cause
-Intervening and superseding cause
Defenses-Statute of limitations
_:_Product Misuse
-Product Alteration
-Contributory negligence
-Assumption of the risk
-Open and obvious danger
-Knowledgeable user
-Learned intermediary rule
-Lack of notice
-Disclaimers of liability and limitations on d.amages
-Manufacture pursuant to plans and specifications
-Government contractor defense
-Federal preemption of state law claims
Parties
Evidence-Industry customs and standards
-State of the art
-Statutes and regulations
-Res ipsa loquitur
-Subsequent repair or modification
'ERSONAL INJURY LAW
energy
ty actions
BILITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 15:37
§ 15:38
§ 15:39
§ 15:40
§ 15:41
§ 15:42
§ 15:43
§ 15:44
§ 15:45
§ 15:46
-Other accidents
-Recalls
--Tests and accident reconstruction
Expert testimony-Generally
-State court
-Federal court
Damages-Personal injury
-Property damage
-Economic loss
-Punitive damages
CHAPTER 16. MULTIPLE TORTFEASORS
·ally
ility
particular
§ 16:1
§ 16:2
§ 16:3
§ 16:4
§ 16:5
§ 16:6
§ 16:7
§ 16:8
§ 16:9
§ 16:10
§ 16:11
§ 16:12
§ 16:13
§ 16:14
§ 16:15
Introduction .
Joint tortfeasors-Apportionment
---Joint and several liability
-Vicarious liability
-Settlement by one tortfeasor
Contribution-Generally
-Effect of settlement by one tortfeasor
Indemnity-Express, Contractual
Entitled Indemnity-Common law
Indemnity-Implied contractual
-Implied-Vicarious liability
-Equitable-Active v. passive tortfeasors
Practice and procedure for asserting contribution and
indemnity claims
Statute of limitations
Indemnity, contribution, and settlement under the
Restatement Third of Torts: Apportionment of
Liability
CHAPTER 17. WRONGFUL DEATH
ACTIONS
on damages
1ecifications
rds
§ 17:1
§ 17:2
§ 17:3
§ 17:4
§ 17:5
§ 17:6
§ 17:7
§ 17:8
§ 17:9
Introduction
The Virginia Wrongful Death Act
Alternate state wrongful death legislation-Virginia
survival statutes
-The Virginia Workers' Compensation Act
-The Virginia Railroad Employers' Liability Act
-Liability for death or injury to a motor vehicle
guest
Related federal legislation-Introduction
-The Federal Tort Claims Act
-The Federal Employers' Liability Act
xxv
VIRGINIA
§ 17:10
§ 17:11
§ 17:12
§ 17:13
§ 17:14
§ 17:15
§ 17:16
§17:17
§ 17:18
§ 17:19
§ 17:20
§ 17:21
. § 17:22
§ 17:23
§ 17:24
§ 17:25
§ 17:26
§ 17:27
§ 17:28
§ 17:29
§ 17:30
§ 17:31
§ 17:32
§ 17:33
§ 17:34
§ 17:35
§ 17:36
§ 17:37
§ 17:38
§ 17:39
§ 17:40
§ 17:41
§ 17:42
§ 17:43
§ 17:44
§ 17:45
§ 17:46
xxvi
TORT AND PERSONAL INJURY LAW
-Federal and state maritime tort claims actsGenerally
- -The Jones Act
- -The Federal Death on the High Seas Act
--The Longshore and Harbor Workers'
Compensation Act
- -Wrongful death actions and Moragne v. States
Marine Lines
-The Federal Civil Rights Act
-The Federal Employees' Compensation Act
-The Federal Social Security Act
Conduct creating a wrongful death cause of actionWrongful acts generally
-Intentional torts and gross negligence
-Negligence
-The problem of proximate cause
-Strict liability actions
-Breach of contract and breach of warranty actions
-Maritime wrongful death actions
-Death of a viable unborn child and ''wrongful birth"
actions
-Effect of suicide
-Physical condition of the deceased prior to, or
subsequent to, injury ·
Parties to a wrongful death action-Decedent's
personal administrator-Rights and duties of
decedent's administrator
- -Foreign administrators
-Beneficiaries-Generally
- -Surviving spouse
- -Surviving children of a deceased parent
- -Persons dependent on the decedent
- -Parents, brothers, and sisters of the deceased
--Non-resident aliens
--Non-relatives and non-dependents
-Defendants
Defenses and other matters in bar-Introduction
-Consent to a wrongful act
-Self-defense
-Defense of property and family
-Contributory negligence of the deceased plaintiff
-Contributory negligence of decedent's beneficiary
-The sudden emergency doctrine
-Comparative negligence
-Assumption of risk
eRSONAL INJURY LAw
1
acts-
s Act
e u. States
Act
of action-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 17:47
§ 17:48
§ 17:49
§ 17:50
§ 17:51
§ 17:52
§ 17:53
§ 17:54
§ 17:55
§ 17:56
§ 17:57
§ 17:58
§ 17:59
-Governmental (or sovereign) immunity
-Intrafamily tort immunity and liability
-Good samaritan statutory immunity
-Release, compromise, or settlement of the claim
-Statute of limitations and repose
-Defective pleadings or proof
-Prior adjudication
Damages-Generally
-Compensatory damages
-Punitive damages
-Evidentiary matters related to damages
-Other wrongful death damage references
Choice oflaw issues
CHAPTER 18. WORKERS' COMPENSATION
inty actions
ongful birth"
r to, or
dent's
ies of
ent
deceased
duction
l plaintiff
eneficiary
§ 18:1
§ 18:2
§ 18:3
§ 18:4
§ 18:5
§ 18:6
§ 18:7
§ 18:8
§ 18:9
§ 18:10
§ 18:11
§ 18:12
§ 18:13
§ 18:14
§ 18:15
§ 18:16
§ 18:17
§ 18:18
§ 18:19
§ 18:20
§ 18:21
§ 18:22
§ 18:23
§ 18:24
Introduction
Scope of Worker's Compensation
-Worker's compensation as exclusive remedy
Actions against third parties/co-workers
Determining applicability
Employee v. borrowed servant and independent
contractor
Accidental injury arising out of and in the course of
employment
On the job injury, not during course of employment
Frolic and detour
Going to and coming from work
-Dual purpose trip
Benefits
c--Periodic benefits
-Loss of earning capacity
-Permanent partial impairment (for loss of, loss of
use of, or disfigurement to the body)
-Permanent total disability
Practice and procedure under Virginia Worker's
Compensation Act
-Virginia Worker's Compensation Commission
-Claims filing procedure
-Statutes of Limitations
-Burdens of proof
-Discovery
-Hearing processes
-Appeal
xxvii
VIRGINIA TORT AND PERSONA!. INJURY LAW
CHAPTER 19. PLEADING AND PRACTICE
FORMS
§ 19:1
Introduction
I. INTENTIONAL TORTS
§ 19:2
§ 19:3
§ 19:4
§ 19:5
§ 19:6
§ 19:7
§ 19:8
Sample pleadings for an assault and battery action
Sexual battery pleading
False imprisonment, defamation, and emotional
distress-Retail store
False arrest pleadings
Intentional infliction of emotional distress complaint
involving a minor plaintiff and a retail seller and
repossession agent as defendants
Trespass to land pleading-Requesting damages and
an fojunction
Trespass to chattel or conversion-Wrongful taking
II. NEGLIGENCE ACTIONS
§ 19:9
§ 19:10
§ 19:11
§ 19:12
§ 19:13
§ 19:14
§ 19:15
§ 19:16
§ 19:17
§ 19:18
§ 19:19
§ 19:20
§ 19:21
§ 19:22
xxviii
Motor vehicle liability: general introduction and
checklist
Motor vehicle accident pleadings-Turn at
intersection, failure to signal, speeding, and
improper lookout
Collision with commercial truck and minor on bicycle
Sample wrongful death pleading-Involving a two-car
collision
Sample forms to qualify a decedent's administrator or
administratrix in a Virginia wrongful death action
Medical malpractice actions: general introduction and
checklist
Medical malpractice pleadings-General form
Wrongful death action against internist and
radiologist for failure to detect cancer
Professional malpractice: legal malpractice-,-General
form
Premises liability pleadings: general introduction
Premises liability pleading-Slip and fall case in a
grocery store
-Complaint by prospective tenant against landlord
for falling down an inadequately lighted stairway
Nuisance-Complaint for equitable relief and
compensatory damages for nuisance
Complaint for the intentional interference with a
business or contractual relationship
PERSONAL INJURY LA w
TABLE OF CONTENTS
>PRACTICE
§ 19:23
§ 19:24
§ 19:25
tery action
10tional
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§ 19:27
§ 19:28
<S complaint
seller and
lamages and
gful talcing
§ 19:29
§ 19:30
Complaint for rescission of an agreement induced by
fraud
Mental distress complaint by homeowner against
blasting operations
Defamation: libel complaint against newspaper
publisher
Invasion of privacy complaint -for the unauthorized
use of plaintiffs name or picture
Products liability actions: general introduction and
checklist
Complaint to recover damages for breach of implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness of a
defective product, and negligence
Wrongful death pleadings based on a defective truck
tire [federal diversity lawsuit]
Workers' compensation forms
Table of Laws and Rules
Table of Cases
tion and
Index
at
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nor on bicycle
ving a two-car
ministrator or
ieath action
;roduction and
l form
and
foe--,-General
roduction
ll case in a
1st landlord
d stairway
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ce with a
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