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Invasive Species The Dirty Dozen Plus Friends Paul Dolan Small Forest are A Big Deal Invasive Plants Invasive Plants Japanese Stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum What is an Invasive? Invasive species: Non-native species that have become dominant elements of natural communities, and have caused, or have the potential to cause economic damage, environmental harm or pose human health risks. Invasive Characteristics Fast Tolerate wide range of environ. conditions Prolific Reproduction Long growing season Excellent Dispersers Change ecosystems in their favor Great Competitors How did they arrive? Norway Maple Norway Maple Acer platanoides Europe Introduced as ornamental for urban hardiness Allelopathic chemicals decrease undergrowth and can increase soil erosion Still sold widely Ailanthus Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima Originally from China Introduced as ornamental and for erosion control (1784) Prolific seeder and root sprouts Suppresses other species with allelopathic chemicals Foul odor, can damage structures, infrastructure Garlic Mustard Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata Europe Introduced as an edible culinary herb (1868) Flowers and seed from young plants Threatens native wildflowers Threat to some endangered species Allelopathic chemicals harm helpful soil fungi that help native plants Japanese Barberry Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii Japan Introduced as ornamental Numerous seeds with high germination rate, transported by birds and small mammals Alters soil pH, nitrogen, and biological activity Displaces wildlife forage (deer will not browse it) Host for Black Rust (disease of wheat) Japanese Bittersweet Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Eastern Aisia, Japan Introduced to prevent soil erosion (1879), decorative fruits Growing vine chokes other vegetation, and can cause trees to uproot Supplanting American bittersweet (competition, hybrids) Black Swallow-Wort Black Swallow Wort Cynanchum louiseae Southwestern Europe Introduced in Essex, MA botanical garden (1854) Crowds other species in old fields (e.g. cool season grasses), disrupts grassland bird populations Also propagates via rhizomes making patchy clumps Disrupts Monarch Butterfly Jessup Milk Vetch (listed) Autumn Olive Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata Introduced from East Asia & Japan Invades old fields and disturbed sites Crowds other plants Key Identifiers Large bush, small tree Silver shimmering leaves Burning Bush Winged Burning Bush Edges and old fields Key Identifiers Corky ridges (wings) along stems Bright red foliage Confused with some blueberries or winged elm (dormant) Mechanical removal Chemical applications to cut stems Winged Burning Bush Euonymus alatus East Asia, Japan Introduced as an ornamental Spreads by roots and animal dispersed seeds Japanese Honey Suckle Lonicera japonica Bush Honeysuckles Amur, Bells, Morrow, and Tartarian Lonicera spp. Originally from Eurasia Introduced for ornamental, wildlife, and erosion control Crowds other species (sunlight and water) Seeds are disseminated by birds Seeds have lower fat content for migratory birds Japanese Knotweed Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica Japan Introduced Edible and desirable to beekeepers Excludes native plants Prolific root sprouts Winged seeds Multiflora Rose Multiflora Rose Rosa multiflora Japan Introduced as an ornamental (1836), NRCS used it for erosion control in 1930s Forms dense, thorny thickets Fruits dispersed by birds EUROPEAN BUCKTHORN Common Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Originally Africa, Europe, Asia Introduced as ornamental, fence rows, and wildlife cover (1800’s) Even-aged thickets crowd shrubs and herbaceous species Abundant fruit and seeds are spread through the guts of birds and small mammals. Sycamore Maple Phragmities Common Reed aka Phragmites Fallopia japonica Eurasia Introduction as discarded ships’ ballast in 1700’s and 1800’s Rapidly invades marsh communities (roots spread 10 ft per year) Alters hydrology Alters wildlife habitat Fire hazard Mile A Minute Vine Mile-a-minute vine, Persicaria perfoliata (Polygonum perfoliatum) Annual clinging vine of open, moist habitats Fruit is buoyant Impacts to riverine systems, emergent wetlands, and early successional habitat Blue berries Perfoliate leaf supports a terminal flowering stalk Triangular leaf, minutely toothed along the margin Blue-green color Downward facing prickles Any Questions
