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Lesson 3 Experimenter effect What are these? How can they affect the study? What subtle cues could influence the participant's response? I.e? The mere presence of a researcher may have an effect on performance when a participant is completing a task. This is called the Hawthorne effect How can we control this? Experimenter effects – participant reactivity Experimenter bias? Participant Reactivity ? Participant reactivity: The fact that participants react to cues in an experimental situation Hawthorne Effect Demand Characteristics Social Desirability bias The desire to appear favourably Features of an experiment that a participant unconsciously, responds to when searching for clues about how to behave. Increased attention becomes a confounding variable. The mere presence of a researcher may have an effect on performance when a participant is completing a task Control in Experiments Why is control important? 2 minutes – discuss standardisation Write down what it is, an example of this in practice and the reason it is important in experiments. How does this relate to reliability? Standardisation Procedures Pts treated in exactly the same way. Instructions Pts told what to do in exactly the same way. Double and single-blind experiments Single-blind Double- blind? 2 minutes to write out a definition with the person sitting next to you. Example of a situation where it would be very important to conduct a double blind study? Baddeley – how were variables controlled? And why? H/W Laboratory experiments Plan a laboratory experiment: based on this theory: ‘different levels of praise affects the time children spend washing dishes.’ Aim? Hypotheses Experimental Null Just a plan! Remember the aim of an experiment is to establish cause and effect. How are you going to ensure this is established? Directional? Non-Directional? What type of setting should this take place in? Why? What will your IV and DV be? Which variable is manipulated? Which variables are controlled in laboratory experiment? Participant and situation variables – examples? How are you going to ensure experimenter bias does not influence the results?
