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Social Control
Social Structure
Macrosociology
• Focuses on broad
features of society
• Conflict theory,
functionalist
viewpoints part of the
macrosociological
perspective
• The goal is to examine
the large scale
influences of society
Microsociology
• Examines social
interaction
• Focus on face to face
interaction
• This approach is
favored by symbolic
interactionists
*Major Components of Social Structure
• People’s particular roles and statuses affect how
they relate to one another.
• Social Structure – Network of interrelated
statuses and roles that guides human interactions.
• *Status – Socially defined positions in a group in a
society.
• *Role – Behavior – the rights and obligations –
expected of someone occupying a particular
status.
Status and Roles:
• Ascribed Status – Status assigned according to standards that are beyond
a person’s control.
Age, sex, family history and race are examples.
• Achieved Status – Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some
special skill, knowledge, or ability.
• Master Status – Status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s
life and determining his or her social identity.
• Role Conflict- Situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectation of one
role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role.
People can fall short of expectations because some of their roles contradict
each other
• Ex. Parents are expected to keep their kids safe and provide for them
while maintaining a career and friendships. Often parents have to adjust
their work role to fulfill their needs as a parent.
• Role Strain – Situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting
the expectations of a single role
EX- Keeping Students engaged and motivated for 86 minutes in 90degrees in May
Groups and Leadership
•
Social Institution – statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more basic
needs of society (Groups)
Basic needs of a society is providing physical and emotional support for members,
transmitting knowledge, producing goods and services, and maintaining social control
•
•
•
Primary Groups: Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis
Secondary Groups: Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
Selected leaders—people that influence the attitudes and opinions of others and
who:
Define boundaries—members can tell who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control members’ behavior—if members violate group norms, the group cannot survive
long
• Conformity- social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in
with a group. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of
others) or imagined (involving the pressure of social norms / expectations) group
pressure.
Roles and Leadership
• Social Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
• Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
• Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else,to harm another
person, or to resist the will of another
• Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
• Coercion- Control trough force and fear or the threat
of force