Download History of Journalism

History of Journalism
journalism n. the business or practice of
writing and producing newspapers.
journalist n. a person employed to write for,
edit, or report for, a newspaper, journal or
newscast.
Oxford English Dictionary
In the Middle Ages, a journal was a book
listing the times of daily prayers. The word
journal originates from the late Latin word
diurnalis 'belonging to the day'. The use of
the word to mean a personal diary, filled
every day, comes at the beginning of the 17th
century. Journal meaning a 'daily newspaper'
dates from the early 18th century, giving us
our current uses of journalist and
journalism.
The Press
Both press and print can be traced back to
the Latin premere, 'to press'. Journalists and
the newspaper industry have been known as
the press, in reference to printing presses,
since the late 18th century.
Another name for journalists, used since the
1830s or 1840s, is the fourth estate. The
three traditional estates of the realm are the
three groups consisting Parliament: the Lords
spiritual, the Lords temporal and the
Commons. The fourth estate was originally
the common people.
Storytelling tradition
Stories have always had a place in human
culture. 35,000-year-old paintings on the
walls of the Lascaux Caves are our earliest
recorded evidence of storytelling.
Printing press technology was first developed
in China in 593AD. The first newspaper
In Beijing in 700AD, using wood block
technology. Movable type invented in 1041.
Just as the printing press didn’t eliminate oral
traditions and the spoken word from
storytelling, neither will digital media and
technological advancements eliminate the
need for those that are good storytellers.
The role of storytellers has, arguably, never
been of greater importance.
Movable Type
1436-1450 – German Johannes Gutenberg
develops a metal movable type printing
press.
Gutenberg's system spread rapidly across
Europe.
This system led to the wide dissemination of
the Bible and other printed books.
Caxton
William Caxton set up the first English printing
press in Westminster in 1476.
The first book Caxton printed, and the first
book to appear in English, was his own
translation of the History of Troy.
Modern, factory-produced movable type was
available in the late 19th century.
First newspapers
Britain's press can trace its history back more
than 300 years, to the time of William of
Orange.
By the early 16th century, the first 'news
papers' were seen in Britain. However, the
largely illiterate population relied on town
criers for news.
1702 - Launch of the first regular daily newspaper:
The Daily Courant.
1709 - Berrow's Worcester Journal, considered the
oldest surviving English newspaper, started regular
publication.
1709 - First Copyright Act.
1718 - Leeds Mercury started (later merged into
Yorkshire Post).
1785 – The Daily Universal Register – which will
become The Times and also spawn The Sunday
Times - launched.
1791 - The Observer launched.
1835 - Libel Act (defamation law in Britain in
existence since 13th century); truth allowed as
defence for first time in Britain.
1855 - Daily Telegraph started.
1868 - Press Association set up as a national news
agency.
1903 - First tabloid style newspaper, the Daily
Mirror, is published.
1907 - National Union of Journalists founded.
1959 - Manchester Guardian becomes The
Guardian.
1964 – The Sun launched.
1967 - Newspapers use digital production
processes and using computers in production.
1969 - News International acquire The Sun and
News of the World.
1971 - Use of cost-effective offset printing presses
becomes common.
1986 - News International move titles to a new
plant at Wapping.
1986 - Today, the first colour national daily,
launched.
2004 - The Times switches to tabloid size.
2005 - The Guardian moves to Berliner format after
£80m investment in new presses.
2010 – News International place paywalls around
its online content for The Times and The Sunday
Times
History of Journalism
1910 - First British cinema newsreel appears,
launched as a weekly product by the French Pathe
company under the title Pathe’s Animated Gazette.
Soon joined by competitor products, both French
(Gaumont and Eclair) and home-grown (Warwick
Bioscope Chronicle, Williamson’s Animated News
and Topical Budget).
1916 - The British Government, deciding that it
needed an official newsreel with which to
communicate news of the war to cinema
audiences, purchase Topical Budget and rename it
‘Official War News’.
1920s - Popularity of cinema newsreels increases
significantly.
1920 - Radio Broadcasting in the UK begins with
Marconi's experimental station 2MT located in an
ex-army hut in Writtle, Essex.
1922 - October 18th: The British Broadcasting
Company formed - with the government granting
the BBC a licence to operate.
November 14th: First-ever news bulletins at six
o'clock and nine o'clock.
December 22nd: BBC's first regular bulletin of
general news from London, provided by Reuters.
1923 - November 14th: John Reith becomes
Managing Director of the BBC and declares that
the BBC must bring the best broadcasting to the
widest possible number of homes with a mission to
"inform, educate and entertain".
1926 - Government committee recommended that
the British Broadcasting Company should be
replaced with a public authority. The British
Broadcasting Company is nationalised and
becomes the British Broadcasting Corporation with
the granting of the first 10-year Royal Charter.
Pledge that BBC will remain 'independent'.
Late 1920s - due to pressure from the newspaper
industry BBC still not allowed to transmit its news
bulletins, assembled by the news agencies, until
after 7pm.
1929 - British Movietone News, the first British
sound newsreel, launched.
1932 - BBC acquires its first newsman with
newspaper experience.
1936 – November 2nd. Regular television services
begin, limited to two hours a day and split equally
between afternoons and evenings.
1936 (cont) - No BBC produced television news;
instead, on alternate evenings, the latest
Gaumont British News and British Movietone News
cinema newsreels screened. Each evening’s
transmission ended with a recording of radio’s nine
o’clock news.
1939-45 BBC's news bulletins widely believed to
have been fundamental to the morale of the troops.
Newsreels covered by the press censorship
managed by the Ministry of Information.
1948 – BBC's Television Newsreel makes its debut
in January.
1954 - First recognisable BBC TV news bulletin BBC News and Newsreel - on July 5th. Richard
Baker read the first introduction.
1955 - Independent Television News launches on
September 22nd. Two weeks before the launch of
ITV, BBC newsreaders appear on screen for the
first time.
1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) launched by
Ted Turner.
1982 – Channel 4 launched and, with it, 55 minute
long Channel 4 News evening programme.
1989 - Sky News starts broadcasting in February
as part of the four-channel Sky Television service.
1989 – World Wide Web created by Tim BernersLee.
1991 – First website to be built goes online in
August.
1994 - Radio5 Live launched in March. DG John
Birt says it will provide "a service of intelligent news
and sport for a younger audience", "coherent and
cohesive".
1995 – Talk Radio UK launched. Subsequently rebranded, in 1999 and following a takeover, as
TalkSport.
1997 – Channel 5 launched in March. Its news,
supplied by ITN, is informal with readers perched
on desks.
1997 - BBC News Online launched – BBC now a
'tri-media' producer. BBC News 24 becomes
Beeb's first digital channel on November 9th.
2000 – ITN News Channel launched in August. It
closes in 2005.
2000 – BBC's Nine O Clock News – which has
survived for 30 years – is scrapped when the
evening bulletin re-scheduled to go on-air at 10pm.
2006 - ITN News for mobile launched.
2010 – iPad.
History of Journalism
First British Movietone newsreel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HS1cjdvYD4k
The Day Today 24 news report covering the September 11th terrorist attacks
in New York.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SPWgodul_E
Peter O'Hanrahanrahan reporting on news that General Motors have laid off
35,000 industrial workers...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RpFPCDgeI4&feature=related
The Day Today - some of the best bits
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6jZFZNeOF0&feature=related
Chris invokes a war out of an accord
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3BO6GP9NMY&feature=related