Download “Mammals” study guide

“Mammals” study guide for 4th quarter Benchmark test
OMHS/Dr. Strong
1. 15 orders of mammals. Examples and descriptions. (Select only those we reviewed in class.)
a. Monotremata – spiny anteater, duck-billed platypus
b. Metatheria – kangaroo, opossum, koala, wombat, Tasmanian devil
c. Pinniepedia – walrus, sea lion
d. Carnivora – sea otter , polar bear, African lions
e. Sirenia- manatees (sea cows)
f. Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises
g. Insectivora – shrews, moles, hedgehogs
h. Macroscelidea – elephant shrews
i. Dermoptera – flying lemurs
j. Chiroptera – bats
k. Scandentia – tree shrews
l. Primates – monkeys, apes, humans
m. Xenarthra – armadillos, sloths, anteaters
n. Pholidota – pangolins
o. Lagomorpha – rabbits, hares, pikas
p. Rodentia – squirrels, rats, woodchucks
q. Tubulidentata – aardvark
r. Hyrocoidea – hyraxes
s. Perissodactyla – horses, asses, zebras
t. Artiodactyla – camels, deer, goats, sheep, cattle, antelopes
2. Know the different types of teeth and their jobs
a. incisors – simple crowns and sharp edges, used for snipping and biting
b. canines - long conical crowns, used for piercing
c. premolars –compressed crowns and one or two cusps, used for shearing and slicing
d. molars – large bodies and variable cusp arrangement, used for crushing and grinding
3. Know the different glands and their functions
a. Sweat glands – sudoriferous – used to draw heat away from the body; mixture of salt, urea, and
water in which microorganisms convert odorous products. Tubular, highly coiled glands over
much of the body.
1. eccrine – secret a watery fluid, if evaporated on the skin’s surface, draws heat away from the
skin and cools it.
2. apocrine glands- larger than eccrine glands and have longer and more convoluted ducts.
Secretory coil is in the dermis and extends deep into the hypodermis. Not involved in heat
regulation. Their secretions are milky fluids, that dry on the skin to form a film. Their
activity is correlated with certain aspects of the reproductive cycle.
b. Scent glands – (musk) used for communication with members of the same species, for marking
territorial boundaries, for warning, or for defense. Located in (face)orbital, metatarsal, and (Feet)
inter-digital regions, behind the eyes and on the cheek, penis, base of tail, back of head, and anal
region. The latter, the most odoriferous of all glands, open ducts into the anus, discharging
secretions forcefully for 2-3 meters. During mating season many mammals give off strong
scents for attracting the opposite sex.
c. Sebaceous glands – associated with hair follicles, although some are free and open directly onto
the surface. Lubricate and waterproofs skin and hair. The cellular ling of the gland is discharged
in the secretory process and must be renewed for further secretion. The gland cells become
distended with a fatty accumulation, then die, and are expelled as a greasy mixture called sebum
into the hair follicle. Called “polite fat” because it does not turn rancid, but is a dressing keeping
the hair pliable and glossy.
d. Mammary glands – modified apocrine glands. Contain milk to nourish their young. Present, but
nonfunctional, in males; monotremes lack nipples, milk is discharged into depressions in belly
where it is lapped up; contains water, carbohydrates, fat protein, minerals, and antibodies.
4. What are the most intelligent mammals? Humans, primates
5. What are the differences in monotremes, marsupials, and placentals?
a. monotremes – lay eggs. Ovulated eggs are fertilized in the oviduct.
b. marsupials- have a short period of development inside a pouch made of skin and hair found on
the outside of the other’s body. Viviparous mammals.
c. placentals – a mammal which carries its young inside the uterus until birth
6. What is estrus or estrous cycle and when does it occur? The period of heat, or rut,
especially of the female during ovulation of the egg. Associated with maximum
sexual receptivity and mating time. (Ex. - deer)
7. Know the different kinds of horns. Who has them, male or female?
a. true horns – (sheep and cattle) hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis that embrace a core of
bone arising from the skull. Normally not shed or branched. May be absent from females, but if
they are present, they are shorter than those of the male. (found in both sexes)
b. antlers – branched and composed of solid bone when mature. (Only Males)
c. rhinocerous horn – hairlike keratinized filaments that arise from dermal papillae are cemented
together to form these structures which are not attached to the skull (both sexes)
8. Know these terms: pelage, diaphragm, insectivore, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore
a. pelage –coat of hair of an animal
b. diaphragm – domed muscle between thorax and abdomen
c. insectivore – a small mammal that feeds on insects
d. carnivore- a method of feeding. Flesh eating
e. omnivore-live on both plants and animals
f. herbivore- a method of eating. Feed on grasses and other vegetation
9. Know the three subclasses of Class Mammalia and what is in each group.
a. Prototheria- (monotreme mammals) spiny anteater, duck-billed platypus
b. Metatheria- (marsupial mammals) kangaroo, Tasmanian devil, wombat, opossum, koala
c. Eutheria- (placental mammals) shrews, moles, bats, aneaters
10. Know the complete taxonomy of mammals: Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, and Orders
Mammal Body Systems (11 Different Body Systems)
Respiratory System
The process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells is called respiration.
Events of respiration:
Exchange of gases between air in the lungs and the blood is called external respiration.
Gas exchange between blood and body cells is called internal respiration.
Pathway of air in the body: Nose → Nasal cavity→ Pharynx→ Larynx→ Trachea→ Bronchial tree→ Alveoli
The alveoli are the individual air sacs in the lung tissue, site for gas exchange in the body.
Breathing Mechanism:
Breathing is a mostly passive process - no energy is required except for a small amount when the………?
How would life be different if breathing required a lot of energy?
INHALING (Inspiration):
The diaphragm contracts (flattens) and moves downward.
Thoracic cavity enlarges; alveoli increase in diameter.
EXHALING (Expiration):
Diaphragm relaxes (curved).
Thoracic cavity decreases in size and alveoli diameter decreases.
Air is forced out of lungs (passive process).
Gas Transport: Oxygen is carried in the blood by binding to the hemoglobin part of the red blood cells.
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The Cardiovascular System - Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiology- the study of the heart and the diseases associated with it.
Functions
to supply cells & tissues with oxygen
to circulate nutrients
to remove wastes (CO2 in lungs & urea in kidneys) from cells and tissues.
Heart Covering - Pericardium – tough fibrous connective tissue covering the heart.
The Pericardium has 3 layers to protect the heart from any invading viruses or bacteria.
The Heart Wall also has 3 layers.
Heart Chambers
The upper chambers – atria (atrium) blood flows here 1st. Pumps to ventricles
The lower chambers – ventricles, pump blood out to body or lungs.
The right side of your heart receives blood (deoxy) from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
The left side of the heart receives blood (oxy) from the lungs and pumps it out to the body
A solid wall-like septum separates the atrium and ventricle on the right from those on the left – so blood on one
side never mixes with blood on the other side
What color is blood? Blood when oxygenated is red. However, deoxygenated is not blue as believed. It is
actually a redish purple. It appears blue because the color is diffused looking through the skin.
Blood Vessels:
 Arteries - carry blood away from heart; strong, thick; carry blood under high pressure; composed of mainly
smooth muscle tissue. Arteries subdivide into smaller tubes called arterioles.
 Capillaries - are the smallest blood vessels. They connect the arterioles with the venules.
 Veins – carries blood into the heart. Veins are typically noted with blue color in diagrams. Venules are small
vessels that merge to form veins; parallel to arterioles.
Blood - Connective tissue with liquid matrix.
1. Plasma - clear, straw-colored (yellowish) liquid componenet of blood, 95 % water
2. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) - contain hemoglobin (a protein that carries oxygen) made of Iron. Attracts the
oxygen.
3. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)- Helps protect against diseases. Part of our immune system.
4. Platelets (Thrombocytes) - Cell fragments that help close breaks in vessels and initiate formation of blood clots (coagulation) Causes scabs and stops bleeding.
The Nervous System…….
What are the functions of the nervous system?
To receive information from a sensory neuron
To process info. by the brain & spinal cord
To respond by an effector (muscle or gland)
The basic unit of the nervous system = neuron (an individual nerve cell)
Dendrites receive stimuli
Nerve cell body with nucleus
Axon transmits the impulse to another dendrite
Myelin Sheath covers majority of the axon and causes nerve impulses to jump along the axon greatly increasing
the speed of a nerve impulse
Sensory neurons or“receptors” receive a stimulus from:
eyes – sight / ears – hearing / nose – smell / skin – touch / mouth - taste
The Central Nervous System: comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
Parts of the Brain : medulla for breathing, cerebellum for balance, cerebrum for higher thinking