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Arthropod Pest Management
Diego J. Nieto
Janet A. Bryer
University of California, Santa Cruz
Insects’ Taxonomic Position
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera (true bugs)
Family: Miridae
Genus: Lygus
Species: hesperus
Common name = lygus bug
Arizona State University
Undiscovered Life
Current species diversity
Vertebrates
Insects
Crustaceans
Mollusks
Roundworms
Plants
Fungi
Protozoans
0
400
800
1,200 1,600
Number of species (x 1,000)
Red = Known species
Gold = Estimated number of species not yet discovered
Beetle Diversity
• The number of taxonomically described
beetles (only one of 31 orders of insects) is
more than 250,000 species
– 1/5 of all described animals
Insect Anatomy
Head: sensory
Thorax: movement, locomotion
Abdomen: respiration, digestion, reproduction
Diagram: Berkeley Natural History Museum
Hemimetabolous Development
Diagram: V. Boucher, UCD
Holometabolous Development
Diagram: Bugwood Wiki
parasites and
parasitoids
teritary
consumers
(predators)
secondary
consumers
(predators)
primary consumers
(herbivores)
producers
decomposers and
detritvores
teritary
consumers
(predators)
decomposers and
detritvores
producers
Functional Categories
PNAS.org
bugguide.net
tamu.edu
urbangardencasual.com
ORTHOPTERA
grasshoppers, crickets and katydids
ORTHOPTERA
grasshoppers, crickets and katydids
Carlos Porto
Orthopterans in CA
• Melanoplus spp. occasionally
a pest in wheat and small
grains, particularly when
adjacent to foothills (UC IPM)
• Katydids in peaches
HOMOPTERA
planthoppers, leafhoppers, aphids, scale, cicadas and mealybugs
HOMOPTERA
planthoppers, leafhoppers, aphids, scale, cicadas and mealybugs
HOMOPTERA
planthoppers, leafhoppers, aphids, scale, cicadas and mealybugs
Homopterans in CA
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aphids in vegetables
Scale in citrus
Leafhoppers in grapes
Whiteflies in cucurbits
Mealy bugs in floriculture
Pysllids in tomatoes
Homopterans as Vectors
USDA
Asian Citrus Psyllid
Yellow dragon disease or HLB
Quest.org
Potato Psyllid
growing produce.com
Zebra chip
Asian Citrus Psyllid
The Disease:
Huanglongbing caused by three
bacteria in the genus
Candidatus Liberibacter
The bacteria infect the
phloem, the circulatory system
that transports sugars from the
tree canopy to the roots,
resulting in blockages.
Phloem
Xylem
The blockages starve the roots,
which stop properly absorbing
nutrients from the soil to send back
up to the tree canopy, a circulatory
system known as the xylem.
Scientific American 2013
Hemiptera
true bugs
Hemiptera
true bugs
Hemiptera
true bugs
Andreas Kay
Hemipterans in CA
•
•
•
•
•
Lygus bugs in strawberries, cotton
Stink bugs in tomatoes, almonds
False chinch bugs in grapes, walnuts
Bed bugs…everywhere!
Predators: minute pirate bug, bigeyed bug,
damsel bug, assassin bug, stink bug
lygus bug
Colin Brown
damsel bug
Lepidoptera
butterflies and moths
Lepidoptera
butterflies and moths
Lepidoptera
butterflies and moths
Lepidopterans in CA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Diamondback moth in cole crops
Artichoke plume moth
Codling moth in apples
Navel orange worm in almonds
Citrus cutworm
Western grapeleaf skeletonizer
Tomato hornworm
Corn earworm
Jack Kelly Clark
agf.gov.bc
Diptera
true flies
Diptera
true flies
csiro.au
Dipterans in CA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Olive fruit fly
Spotted-wing drosophila in raspberries
Cabbage maggot in cole crops
Walnut husk fly
Seedcorn maggot in cucurbits
Syrphid fly (predacious maggots)
Tachinid fly (parasitic maggots)
cisr.ucr.edu
Syrphidae
hover flies
Coleoptera
beetles
Coleoptera
beetles
Coleoptera
beetles
J. Oldham
Coleopterans in CA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cucumber beetle in cucurbits
Flea beetle in cole crops
Palestriped flea beetle in carrots
Grape bud beetle
Pepper weevil
Tenlined June beetle in almonds
Predators: lady bird beetles, collops beetles,
soldier beetles, rove beetles, etc.
bugguide.net
bugguide.net
cucumber beetle
pepper weevil
Wikipedia.org
flea beetle
palestriped flea beetle
uky.edu
lady bird beetle
collops beetle
Mick Talbot
Halverson Photography
leather-winged soldier beetle
rove beetle
Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, ants
bugguide.net
Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, ants
Janet Good
Hymenoptera
bees, wasps, ants
RPF
gsquaredbugs.com
Trichogrammatidae
Alex Wild
Braconidae
Lord V
wikimedia.org
Eulophidae
Ichneumonidae
Arachnida: Araneae
wolf spiders
dwarf spiders
jumping spiders
Arachnida: Acari
ua.edu
two-spotted spider mite
arbico-organics.com
uky.edu
persimilis predatory mite
Insecticide Use
In 2010, there were over 173 million lbs of pesticide (AI)
reportedly used in California (CDPR 2011)
Pesticide Resistance
• Pesticides kill insects…
• Some insects survive and reproduce
• If this “resistance” has a heritable basis, it will
becomes more common with each generation
Chromosome with allele
conferring resistance
to pesticide
Additional
applications will
be less effective, and
the frequency of
resistant insects in
the population
will grow
Pesticide application
Survivors
Why are
herbivorous
insect pests
so adept at
developing
resistance?
Hint: think
co-evolution
PBS.org
Insecticide Resistance
In "Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals" (M. D. Green, H. M. Le Baron, and W. K. Moberg,
eds.), pp. 18-14. ACS Symposium Series 421.
Insecticide Resistance
• Pesticide resistance costs US $1.5 billion/yr
(Pimentel 2009)
• In the last 50 years, U.S. crop losses have risen
from 7% to 13%, despite a 10-fold increase in
insecticide use (Pimentel 2009)
Organic Management of
Insect Pests
• No single solutions
• Many inter-related components
• Prevention vs. Suppression
colourbox.com
Pest Status
• Key pests: herbivores that are reliably present every growing
season, and if not properly managed, will likely exceed
economic thresholds
• Secondary pests: herbivores that are often present but rarely
exceed economic thresholds due to naturally-present
predation and parasitism
• Occasional pests: may cause problems once every few years;
only occurs when environmental conditions favor their
development
Pest Identification?
nathistoc.bio.uci.edu
inaturalist.org
Direct Damage
• Marketable portion of the crop is negatively
affected by feeding
CA red scale
Lygus bug
Codling moth
Cab aphid photo
cabbage aphid
Indirect Damage
• Portions of the crop that are not marketed are
fed upon: roots, leaves, stems, etc.
CA red scale
cabbage maggot fly
Asian citrus psyllid
Economic Damage
• Damage is the monetary value lost to the
commodity as a result of injury by the pest
(e.g., spoilage, reduction in yield, loss of
quality, etc.)
• At some point, a pest population reaches a
point where it begins to cause enough
damage to justify the time and expense of
control measures
Taken from JR Meyer, NCSU
Economic Injury Level
• EIL: A = B
A.) How much financial loss is the pest causing?
B.) How much will it cost to control the pest?
• EIL exceeded when A > B; action warranted
Adapted from JR Meyer, NCSU
UC IPM Economic Thresholds
Beneficial Species
• Predators are more diverse (greater spp. richness)
and more abundant (greater spp. evenness) in
organic crops, relative to their conventionallymanaged counterparts
• Species richness and evenness contribute to better
pest control (Crowder et al. 2010)
Adjusted Thresholds
• Conventional CA strawberries:
– 1 lygus bug nymph/10 suctions
• Organic CA strawberries:
– 1 lygus bug nymph/25 suctions*
*approximate and unofficial
Colin Brown
General Rule of Scouting
• Any time you find a lot of one type of pest
insect (more then 5 on 2–3 plants in a row
with no predators found in that same area)
the pest/beneficial ratio is out of balance and
some outside control will be necessary
(W.H. Settle)
Timing is Everything
• When are pests present?
• What temporal requirements do natural
enemies have?
• When do pests cause economic damage?
uci.edu
Syrphid Fly Life Cycle
Larvae can consume up to 500
aphids from egg-hatch to pupation
(Hopper et al. 2011)
Theoretical Organic Broccoli Field
insect abundance
syrphid larvae
aphids
$$$
50 aphids:
egg-laying threshold
time
Theoretical Organic Broccoli Field
insect abundance
syrphid larvae
aphids
Insecticide application
50 aphids:
egg-laying threshold
$
time
Late aphid establishment, due either to late arrival or an early insecticide application
Integrated Pest Management
• UC IPM: Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystembased strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests
or their damage through a combination of techniques such as
biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of
cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are
used only after monitoring indicates they are needed
according to established guidelines, and treatments are made
with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest
control materials are selected and applied in a manner that
minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget
organisms, and the environment.
Prevention
•
•
•
•
•
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Site selection
Planting date
Crop rotation
Host resistance
Field sanitation
Landscape diversity
•
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•
Alternate host management
Fertilization/Irrigation
Row covers
Cultivation
Cover cropping
Farmscaping
Pest Avoidance (Temporal)
oisat.org
umn.edu
Pest Avoidance (Spatial)
• Crop rotation prevents pest population build
up during consecutive growing seasons
• Especially relevant for soil-dwelling or largely
sessile insects
eatlikenoone.com
ucanr.edu
ucanr.edu
Pest Avoidance (Physical)
A physical barrier to pest infestation
Row covers
Flea beetles
Field Sanitation
• Remove pest habitat and reduce reproductive
opportunities
gardenandplants.co.uk
Fertilization
Excess nitrogen on broccoli tends to increase
cabbage aphid
Pest Suppression
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pheromones
Habitat Management
Biological Control
Mechanical Control
Soil Solarization
Insecticides
Pheromones
• Emitted chemical that elicits a response from
other members of a population
– Sex pheromones most often used in agriculture
Most sex pheromones are produced by the female and
used by the male for mate location.
wind
Taken from
Andrew Lawson, CSUF
75
Mating Disruption:
codling moth in apples
gardenofeden.blogspot.com
usu.edu
Mating Disruption Using
Pheromone Twist-Ties
Habitat Modification
Pest problems happen when conditions required for survival
by the pests are favorable.
Habitat modification intentionally limits or alters one or more
of these requirements
alfalfa trap crop
sweet alyssum beneficial insectary
Biological Diversity
• Functional diversity is most valuable to a
grower
Biological Control
There are three approaches or types of biological control:
Classical
Augmentation
Conservation
Classical BC
• Introduced species constitute 98% of the U.S.
food system (Pimentel et al. 2005)
• Creates trophic imbalances in agroecosystems
• Classical BC is a chemical-free approach to
restoring top-down control of pests using only
the most selective organisms
Classical BC for Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP)
• CA oranges worth $716 million annually
• ACP first detected in Los Angeles in 2008
• CDFA started spraying pesticides in LA to eradicate ACP and
prevent them from spreading
• CDFA sprayed 46,941 properties at a cost of $4.7 million
• As 40% of houses in LA have at least one citrus tree (i.e. 1.2
million properties), many more homes would need to be
sprayed
• Once the state suspended its pesticide campaign in LA, more
sustainable and cost effective strategies (i.e. biological
control) were utilized
Scientific American 2013
Tamarixia radiata
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Scientific American 2013
Classical BC for Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP)
ACP nymphs
Scientific American 2013
parasitized ACP nymphs
Augmentative BC
Mechanical Control
Mechanical controls include practices that mechanically
destroy pests or present a physical barrier to their
infestation
sanluisobispo.com
Tractor-mounted vacuum
Tanglefoot band to exclude ants
Organic Insecticides
•
•
•
•
Not cheap!
Not always effective
Not always selective
Not always on the OMRI (Organic Materials
Review Institute) list
• Similar to conventional crops, should be used
as a last resort
Organic Insecticides
• Botanicals: derived from plants
– Pyrethrum (from Chrysanthemum) or
Azadirachtins (from the neem tree)
• Soaps: K fatty acids used for soft-bodied insects
– M-pede®
• Microbials: bacteria harmful to certain insects
– Bt or Entrust® (from Saccharopolyspora spinosa)
Are there any
questions?
References Cited
• California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR). 2011. Pesticide
Use in California Increases after Four-Year Decline.
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/2011/111228.htm
Accessed 27 May 2013.
• Crowder DW, Northfield TD, Strand MR & WE Snyder. 2010. Organic
agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control. Nature 466: 109113.
• Kuchment A. 2013. The end of orange juice. Scientific American. March,
2013.
• Pimentel D, Zuniga R & D Morrison. 2005. Update on the environmental
and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United
States. Ecological Economics 52: 273–288.
• Pimentel D. 2009. Environmental and Economic Costs of the Application of
Pesticides Primarily in the United States. In: Integrated Pest Management:
Innovation-Development Process, pp 89-111.