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World Geography
Northern Europe
Physical Geography
The Big Idea
Northern Europe is a region of unique physical features, rich resources, and diverse climates.
Main Ideas
•
The physical features of Northern Europe include low mountain ranges and jagged
coastlines.
•
Northern Europe’s natural resources include energy sources, soils, and seas.
•
The climates of Northern Europe range from a mild coastal climate to a freezing ice cap
climate.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 1: The physical features of Northern Europe include low mountain ranges
and jagged coastlines.
•
Physical geography of Northern Europe changes greatly from one location to another.
•
Two regions make up Northern Europe.
– British Isles—a group of islands located across the English Channel from
the rest of Europe
– Scandinavia—a region of islands and peninsulas in far northern Europe,
including Iceland to the west
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Physical Features
Hills and Mountains
Farmland and Plains
Effects of Glaciers
•
Rugged hills stretch across
Iceland, northern
Scotland, and Scandinavia.
•
•
Jagged coastlines cut by
glaciers
•
The Kjolen Mountains
divide Norway from
Sweden.
•
Fjords, narrow inlets of
the sea set between high,
rocky cliffs, formed as
glaciers melted.
•
Thousands of lakes carved
out by glaciers
•
•
Rocky soil and uneven
terrain make farming
difficult.
Fewer people live there.
•
•
Fertile farmland and
plains stretch across
southern parts of British
Isles and Scandinavia.
Ireland’s rolling, green
hills provide rich
farmland.
Wide valleys in Denmark
and England also have
fertile soil.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 2: Northern Europe’s natural resources include energy sources, soils, and seas.
Energy
•
Oil and natural gas deposits under the North Sea
•
Hydroelectric energy produced by lakes and rivers
•
Geothermal energy, or energy from the heat of Earth’s interior, from Iceland’s hot springs
Forests and Soils
•
Large areas of timber-producing forests stretch across Finland and Scandinavian
Peninsula.
•
Fertile soils provide rich farmland for crops.
•
Livestock like sheep and dairy cattle are common.
Seas and Oceans
•
North
Sea, Norwegian
The science
of making Sea,
mapsand the Atlantic Ocean provide rich stocks of fish.
•
Fishing
key industry
Norway,
Developisaccurate
mapsinon
almostDenmark,
any scale and
and Iceland.
keep them up to date.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 3: The climates of Northern Europe range from a mild coastal climate to
a freezing ice cap climate.
•
Much of Northern Europe lies near Arctic Circle.
•
North Atlantic Drift, an ocean current that brings warm, moist air across the Atlantic
Ocean, results in Northern Europe’s mild climates.
•
Much of Northern Europe has a marine west coast climate.
– Denmark, the British Isles, and western Norway
•
Other parts have a humid continental climate.
– Central Norway, Sweden, and southern Finland
•
Far north are colder climates.
– Northern Scandinavia has a subarctic climate.
– Iceland has tundra and ice cap climates.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
The British Isles
The Big Idea
Close cultural and historical ties link the people of the British Isles today.
Main Ideas
•
Invaders and a global empire have shaped the history of the British Isles.
•
British culture, such as government and music, has influenced much of the world.
•
Efforts to bring peace to Northern Ireland and maintain strong economies are important
issues in the British Isles today.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 1: Invaders and a global empire have shaped the history of the British Isles.
•
Two independent countries make up the British Isles.
– Republic of Ireland
– United Kingdom, which is a union of four small countries
• England
• Scotland
• Wales
• Northern Ireland
•
Throughout their history, the people of the British Isles have been linked together.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Early History
Early settlers built Stonehenge, an ancient monument, some 5,000 years ago.
450 BC—the Celts arrived in the British Isles and settled in Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.
Britain became part of the Roman Empire.
AD 1066—the Normans from northern France conquered England and established a strong kingdom.
Over time, England grew in strength and soon overshadowed its neighbors in the British Isles.
By the 1500s strong rulers like Queen Elizabeth I had turned England into a world power.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Rise and Decline of the British Empire
Rise
Decline
• England joined with Wales and Scotland
to create the United Kingdom of Great
Britain.
• In the 1900s the British Empire began to
crumble.
• Launched overseas empire and had
colonies in Africa, the Americas, Asia,
and Australia by the late 1800s
• Economy soared with the Industrial
Revolution in the 1700s and 1800s.
• At its height the British Empire was the
largest in history.
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• World War I and the Great Depression
hurt the British economy.
• Rebellions in Ireland forced Britain to
grant self-rule to all but the northern
part of Ireland.
• Other overseas colonies began
movements for independence.
• After World War II Great Britain gave up
most of its colonies.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 2: British culture, such as government and music, has influenced much of
the world.
•
United Kingdom
– Constitutional monarchy—a type of democracy in which a king or queen
serves as head of state but a legislature makes the laws
– Magna Carta, a document drawn up in the Middle Ages, limited the powers of
kings.
– Prime minister leads British government.
– Most members of Parliament, Britain’s legislative body, are elected.
•
Republic of Ireland
– President as head of state
– Prime minister, appointed by the president, runs the government with the Irish
parliament.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
People and Culture
People
•
•
•
The science
of making maps
Common
heritage—many
people in the British Isles can trace their heritage to the
region’s early settlers.
Develop accurate maps on almost any scale and keep them up to date.
Sports such as soccer and rugby are a shared trait among people of Britain.
•
Regions, particularly Ireland and Scotland, maintain their unique identities.
•
Immigrants from all corners of the world have settled in Britain, adding to the rich culture
of the region.
Popular Culture
•
Influences people all around the globe
•
English is the language of business, education, and the Internet in many places.
•
British music and literature are popular.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 3: Efforts to bring peace to Northern Ireland and maintain strong
economies are important issues in the British Isles today.
•
Conflict in Northern Ireland
– Catholics believe they have not been treated fairly by Protestants, who are in
the majority.
– Bitter and violent struggle lasted for many years.
– Cease-fire in 1990s, but some groups refused to disarm, or give up all weapons
– Still working toward long-lasting peace
•
Economies are strong.
– London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is a center for world trade and
industry.
– In Dublin, Ireland’s capital, computer equipment and software have become
major industries.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Scandinavia
The Big Idea
Scandinavia has developed into one of the most stable and prosperous regions in Europe.
Main Ideas
• The history of Scandinavia dates back to the time of the Vikings.
• Scandinavia today is known for its peaceful and prosperous countries.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 1: The history of Scandinavia dates back to the time of the Vikings.
Vikings
•
Vikings were Scandinavian warriors who raided Europe and the Mediterranean in the early
Middle Ages.
– Excellent sailors
– Conquered the British Isles, Finland, and parts of France, Germany, and Russia
•
Great explorers
– Established settlements in Iceland and Greenland
– First Europeans to reach North America
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World Geography
Northern Europe
After the Vikings
In the 1100s the Viking raids ended and powerful Scandinavian chiefs competed for power in
the region.
By the late 1300s Denmark ruled a union of all Scandinavian kingdoms and territories.
Sweden challenged Denmark’s power and left the union, taking Finland with it.
By the 1900s Scandinavian countries wanted independence.
Norway, Finland, and Iceland all became independent.
Greenland remains a part of Denmark as a self-ruling territory.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Main Idea 2: Scandinavia today is known for its peaceful and prosperous countries.
•
Today, the countries of Scandinavia have much in common
– Similar political views, languages, and religion
– Large, wealthy cities, strong economies, and well-educated workers
– High standards of living
– Sweden, Denmark, Greenland, Finland, Norway, and Iceland are among the
world’s most peaceful, stable, and prosperous nations.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Scandinavia Today
Sweden
Denmark
Greenland
•
Largest and most populous
Scandinavian country
•
•
•
More than 80 percent live in
urban areas
•
Smallest Scandinavian
country and most densely
populated
Geographically part of
North America, but is a
territory of Denmark
•
•
Stockholm, capital and
largest city, is built on 14
islands and part of the
mainland.
About 50 percent of land
is used for farming.
Thick ice sheet covers about
80 percent of the land.
•
Farm goods are important
exports.
•
•
Modern industries, such
as iron and electronics,
are important as well.
Much of island is
uninhabitable, or not able
to support human
settlement.
•
Most live on southwest
coast where climate is
warmest.
•
Heavily dependent on
imports and economic aid
from Denmark
•
Sweden has been a neutral
country for more than 200
years, meaning that it has
chosen not to take sides in
international conflicts.
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World Geography
Northern Europe
Scandinavia Today {continued}
Norway
Finland
Iceland
•
One of the longest
coastlines in the world
•
•
•
Fjords shelter Norway’s
many harbors.
Easternmost Scandinavian
country, between Sweden
and Russia
•
•
Oslo, capital city, is the
country’s leading seaport
and industrial center.
Helsinki is the capital and
the largest city.
Fertile farmland along the
island’s coast produces
crops and supports cattle
and sheep.
•
•
Trade is important.
Fish account for about 70
percent of Iceland’s exports.
•
Paper and forest products
are important exports.
•
•
Shipbuilding and
electronics are important
industries.
Steam from hot springs and
geysers, or springs that
shoot hot water and steam
into the air, produce
geothermal energy.
•
Tourists come to see the
geysers, volcanoes, and
glaciers.
•
•
•
Highest per capita GDP in
Scandinavia
North Sea provides
valuable oil and natural
gas resources.
Refused to join the
European Union
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