Download 1st Semester Final Exam Study Guide

1st Semester Final Exam
Study Guide
Answers to Questions #1-55
(Intro. To Science, Biochemistry, Microscopes
& Cells, Cell Transport, Photosynthesis &
Respiration, Mitosis & Meiosis)
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INTRODUCTION
TO SCIENCE
1. When making a title for a data
table of graph, what three items
must be included?
ANSWER:
a) SUBJECT (what you work with)
b) PURPOSE (why you’re doing the experiment)
c) INDEP./DEP. VARIABLES
2. When making a scientific data
table…
ANSWER:
a. The first column is the INDEPENDENT variable
(what the experimenter controls)
b. Starting in the 2nd column is the DEPENDENT
variable (what is measured/observed)
c. All columns should include UNITS in
parentheses to show what you measured in.
3. When making a scientific graph…
ANSWER:
a. The independent variable (what the
experimenter controls) goes on the X axis.
b. The dependent variable (what is
measured/observed) goes on the Y axis.
c. Data points should not be connected; a BESTFIT STRAIGHT line should be drawn instead.
4. An explanation based on
observations that is tested with an
experiment is called a ____.
ANSWER:
HYPOTHESIS
5. Define the term homeostasis.
(Look at your notes on the
characteristics of life)
ANSWER:
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
stable internal environment.
For example, humans maintain their own
body temperature, breathing rate,
heartbeat, etc.
BIOCHEMISTRY
(CHAPTER 2)
6. Name the 3 subatomic particles.
Which two are in the nucleus of an
atom?
Answer:
a) Protons (found in the nucleus)
b) Neutrons (found in the nucleus)
c) Electrons
7. For energy levels for the first
twenty elements of the Periodic
Table, how many electrons fit into
the…
Answer:
a. First Level = 2
b. Second Level = 8
c. Third Level = 8
d. Fourth Level = 2
8. A substance that forms hydrogen
ions (H+) is called a(n) ____. A
substance that forms hydroxide ions
(OH-) is called a(n) ____.
ANSWER:
A substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+)
is called a(n) ACID.
A substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-)
is called a(n) BASE.
9. Draw the pH scale and label 1)strong
acids, 2)weak acids, 3)neutral, 4)weak
bases and 5)strong bases.
ANSWER:
10. What do you call a protein that
speeds up chemical reactions?
ANSWER:
ENZYMES!
11. What chemical reaction FORMS
macromolecules?
ANSWER:
Condensation
12. What chemical reaction
BREAKS DOWN macromolecules?
ANSWER:
Hydrolysis
13. For each of the macromolecules
of life, name its monomer (building
block).
ANSWER:
a. Carbohydrates = Monosaccharide
b. Protein = Amino acid
c. Lipid = Carboxyl/glycerol + fatty acid tails
d. Nucleid acid = Nucleotide
14. For each function below, identify
the correct macromolecule.
ANSWER:
a. It stores hereditary information
for an organism = Nucleic acid
b. It gives immediate energy and
gives some structure = Carbohydrate
14. For each function below, identify
the correct macromolecule.
ANSWER:
c. It stores energy in the form of
fat = Lipids
d. It gives structure, helps build
muscle, speeds up chemical
reactions = Proteins
MICROSCOPES &
THE CELL
(SECTIONS 7-1 TO
7-3)
15. What is the formula for total
magnification on a microscope?
ANSWER:
Eyepiece magnification x objective lens
16. What part of the microscope
should never be moved on high
power?
Answer:
The coarse adjustment knob
(which controls the stage)
17. The smallest unit of life is
called a ___.
ANSWER:
The smallest unit of life is called a
CELL.
18. For each of the following organelles,
list its corresponding function in the cell:
a. cell membrane
b. cell wall
ANSWER:
a. Cell membrane = lets certain
materials go in or out of the cell
b. Cell wall = provides protection for
the cell, structure and support
18. For each of the following organelles,
list its corresponding function in the cell:
c. Chloroplast
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum
ANSWER:
c. Chloroplast = makes energy by
converting sunlight into chemical energy
(sugars)
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum = transports
materials within the cell; Rough ER
transports proteins and Smooth ER
transports lipids
18. For each of the following organelles,
list its corresponding function in the cell:
e. Golgi apparatus
f. Lysosome
ANSWER:
e. Golgi apparatus = modifies &
packages proteins into vesicles
and sends them out
f. Lysosome = breaks down or
destroys materials
18. For each of the following organelles, list its
corresponding function in the cell:
g. Mitochondria
h. Nucleus
i. Vacuoles
ANSWER:
g. Mitochondria = creates energy by
breaking down sugars into ATP
h. Nucleus = controls the activities
of the cell
i. Vacuoles = stores water & food
for the cell
19. What two structures are found
only in plant cells?
ANSWER:
Cell wall & Chloroplasts!
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY CELL
STRUCTURES!!
20. What molecule is the cell
membrane made of?
ANSWER:
Phospholipids
(2 layers)
21. What phrase is used to describe
how the cell membrane only allows
some materials to go in or out of the
cell?
Answer:
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
CELL
TRANSPORT
(SECTION 7-3)
22. The type of cell transport that does
not use energy is ___ transport. The
type of cell transport that uses energy
is ___ transport.
Answer:
The type of cell transport that does not use
energy is PASSIVE transport.
The type of cell transport that uses energy is
ACTIVE transport.
23. Name the three types of
PASSIVE transport.
Answer:
1) Diffusion (Simple Diffusion)
2) Facilitated Diffusion
3) Osmosis
24. The movement of small & nonpolar
molecules through the cell membrane
from high concentration to low
concentration is called ____.
ANSWER:
DIFFUSION
25. The movement of large & polar
molecules through the cell membrane
using carrier proteins from high
concentration to low concentration is
called ____.
ANSWER:
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
26. What is equilibrium?
Answer:
Equilibrium is when you have the
same number of molecules
everywhere.
27. The movement of water from
areas of high concentration to low
concentration is called ____.
Answer:
OSMOSIS
28. For each solution below, a)identify
the direction water moves and b)what
happens to the size of the cell.
Answer:
Hypertonic Solution =
a) water moves OUT
b) the cell shrinks in size
28. For each solution below, a)identify
the direction water moves and b)what
happens to the size of the cell.
Answer:
Isotonic Solution =
a) water moves IN & OUT
b) the cell remains normal
size
28. For each solution below, a)identify
the direction water moves and b)what
happens to the size of the cell.
Answer:
Hypotonic Solution =
a) water moves IN
b) the cell
GROWS/ENLARGES
29. What term describes the
amount of force the vacuole has on
the cell membrane and cell wall?
ANSWER:
Turgor Pressure
30. What happens to a plant under
high turgor pressure? Under low
turgor pressure?
Answer:
• Under high turgor pressure,
the vacuole is very full of water
& the plant stands upright & tall.
• Under low turgor pressure, the
vacuole is nearly empty & the
plant will start to wilt or not stand
upright.
31. What is the difference between
endocytosis and exocytosis?
ANSWER:
Endocytosis moves a large
amount of material INTO
the cell by forming vesicles.
Exocytosis moves a large
amount of material OUT
OF the cell by packaging it
into vesicles & forcing
them out.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS &
RESPIRATION
(CHAPTERS 8 & 9)
32. What does ATP stand for?
ANSWER:
ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
33. How is energy released from
ATP?
ANSWER:
Break the bond
between the 2nd and
3rd phosphate (by
hydrolysis)
34. Define photosynthesis.
ANSWER:
Photosynthesis makes glucose/sugars
using light energy/sunlight.
35. Write out the complete chemical
equation for photosynthesis.
ANSWER:
Sunlight
6CO2 + 6H2O --------- C6H12O6 + 6O2
36. What is chlorophyll?
ANSWER:
Chlorophyll is a pigment that captures
sunlight.
37. Describe why plants appear
green.
ANSWER:
Chlorophyll reflects the green light
wavelengths – green is not absorbed.
38. Define cellular respiration.
ANSWER:
Cellular respiration breaks down
glucose/sugar to make ATP
39. Write out the complete
chemical equation for cellular
respiration.
ANSWER:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 +6H2O + ATP
40. What is the total amount of
ATP made from one glucose in
cellular (aerobic) respiration?
ANSWER:
36 ATP
41. What does the term “aerobic”
mean?
What does the term “anaerobic”
mean?
ANSWER:
Aerobic means it uses/requires oxygen
Anaerobic means it does not use or
need oxygen.
42. Define fermentation. Is it
aerobic or anaerobic?
ANSWER:
Fermentation is when you break
down sugars for energy but without
using oxygen.
It is an anaerobic process.
43. Which one is more effective the
production of energy – aerobic
cellular respiration or fermentation?
ANSWER:
Aerobic respiration because it makes
36 ATP.
(fermentation only makes 2 ATP)
MITOSIS &
MEIOSIS
(SECTIONS 10-2,
10-3 & 11-4)
44. What is the longest phase of
the cell cycle?
ANSWER:
Interphase
45. What is made at the end of
mitosis?
ANSWER:
Two cells that are identical
46. Identify the correct phase of
mitosis for each description.
ANSWER:
a. The chromosomes line up in the middle
of the cell =
METAPHASE
b. The nuclear membrane reappears when
centrioles & spindle fibers disappear =
TELOPHASE
46. Identify the correct phase of
mitosis for each description.
ANSWER:
c. Chromosomes form, centrioles & spindle
fibers appear as the nuclear membrane
disappears =
PROPHASE
d. The chromosomes split into single
chromatids =
ANAPHASE
KNOW PICTURES OF MITOSIS!!
KNOW PICTURES OF MITOSIS!!
47. What is the splitting of the
cytoplasm called?
ANSWER:
Cytokinesis
48. Describe two ways mitosis is
different in animal and plant cells.
ANSWER:
Animal cells
Plant cells
a. uses centrioles
a. no centrioles
b. forms a cleavage
b. forms a cell plate in
furrow in cytokinesis
cytokinesis
49. What is made at the end of
meiosis?
ANSWER:
4 gamete cells that are non-identical
50. Identify the correct phase of
meiosis I for each description.
ANSWER:
a. Homologous chromosome pairs split
into single chromosomes, moving to
opposite ends of the cell =
ANAPHASE I
b. Chromosomes form into pairs and
crossing over takes place =
PROPHASE I
50. Identify the correct phase of
meiosis I for each description.
ANSWER:
c. Centrioles & spindle fibers disappear
while nuclear membrane forms around
single chromosomes =
TELOPHASE I
d. Homologous chromosome pairs line up
in the middle of the cell =
METAPHASE I
51. What do you call the exchange of
genetic information between
homologous chromosomes (that
happens in prophase I)?
ANSWER:
Crossing over
52. What (and how many) is
made from spermatogenesis
and oogenesis?
ANSWER:
a. Spermatogenesis =
four sperm cells
b. Oogenesis = one
ovum/egg cell
53. What is the difference
between asexual & sexual
reproduction?
ANSWER:
Asexual reproduction only requires
one parent to make offspring.
Sexual reproduction requires two
parents to make offspring.
54. The name of the process that
combines sperm & egg together is
called ___.
ANSWER:
FERTILIZATION
55. The first cell that is made after
sperm cell and egg cell combine is
called ___.
ANSWER:
ZYGOTE