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LESSON PLAN 3 OBJECTIVES Young girl winning chariot race. Engraving from red-figure Greek vase • Describe Greek art and architecture. • Summarize the work of Greek dramatists and historians. • Explain the major conflicts in the Peloponnesian War. MAIN IDEA CULTURAL INTERACTION Democratic principles and classical culture flourished during Greece’s golden age. • Identify Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. FOCUS & MOTIVATE Ask students, What are advantages and disadvantages of living in a democracy? (Advantages—More freedom, can participate in politics; Disadvantages—May take longer to make decisions, most policies must be popular with the majority.) INSTRUCT Pericles’ Plan for Athens Critical Thinking The Propylaea and the Parthenon, Athens, Greece Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age • Identify three goals of Pericles. WHY IT MATTERS NOW At its height, Greece set lasting standards in art, politics, literature, and philosophy that are still influential today. TERMS & NAMES • direct democracy • classical art • tragedy • comedy • • • • • Peloponnesian War philosopher Socrates Plato Aristotle SETTING THE STAGE For close to 50 years (from 477 to 431 B.C.), Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning. This period is often called the Golden Age of Athens. During this golden age, drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, and science all reached new heights. The artistic and literary legacies of the time continue to inspire and instruct people around the world. TAKING NOTES Recognizing Effects Use a web diagram to organize information about Pericles‘ goals for Athens. • How did paying public officers strengthen Athenian democracy? (let Athens use talents of citizens who otherwise could not afford to hold office) • What evidence exists to suggest that Pericles also pursued policies that were not democratic? (use of Delian League funds for purposes not approved by members, such as public projects) Pericles' Goals Pericles’ Plan for Athens A wise and able statesman named Pericles led Athens during much of its golden age. Honest and fair, Pericles held onto popular support for 32 years. He was a skillful politician, an inspiring speaker, and a respected general. He so dominated the life of Athens from 461 to 429 B.C. that this period often is called the Age of Pericles. He had three goals: (1) to strengthen Athenian democracy, (2) to hold and strengthen the empire, and (3) to glorify Athens. Stronger Democracy To strengthen democracy, Pericles increased the number of public officials who were paid salaries. Earlier in Athens, most positions in public office were unpaid. Thus, only wealthier Athenian citizens could afford to Athenian and United States Democracy Athenian Democracy In-Depth Resources: Unit 2 • Guided Reading, p. 3 (also in Spanish) Both • Citizens: male; 18 years old; born of citizen parents • Political power exercised by citizens • Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens • Three branches of government U.S. Democracy • Citizens: born in United States or completed citizenship process • Representatives elected to propose and vote on laws • Leader chosen by lot • Legislative branch passes laws Test Generator CD-ROM • Executive branch composed of a council of 500 men • Executive branch carries out laws • Executive branch made up of elected and appointed officials Strategies for Test Preparation • Juries varied in size • Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors • Juries composed of 12 jurors TEST-TAKING RESOURCES • No attorneys; no appeals; one-day trials Test Practice Transparencies, TT18 • Elected president • Defendants and plaintiffs have attorneys; long appeals process Online Test Practice 134 Chapter 5 SECTION 3 PROGRAM RESOURCES ALL STUDENTS In-Depth Resources: Unit 2 • Guided Reading, p. 3 • Skillbuilder Practice: Analyzing Motives, p. 7 • Geography Application: The Peloponnesian War, p. 8 • History Makers: Sophocles, p. 18 Formal Assessment • Section Quiz, p. 73 ENGLISH LEARNERS In-Depth Resources in Spanish • Guided Reading, p. 40 • Skillbuilder Practice, p. 43 134 Chapter 5 • Geography Application, p. 44 Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 47 STRUGGLING READERS In-Depth Resources: Unit 2 • Guided Reading, p. 3 • Building Vocabulary, p. 6 • Reteaching Activity, p. 23 Reading Study Guide, p. 47 GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS In-Depth Resources: Unit 2 • Primary Sources: Plague in Athens, p. 11; from Republic, p. 12; from Politics, p. 14 • Connections Across Time and Cultures, p. 20 eEdition CD-ROM Power Presentations CD-ROM World Art and Cultures Transparencies • AT10 Greek painted oil flask • AT11 Greek marble sculptures Electronic Library of Primary Sources • “The Athenians and the Spartans” classzone.com • NetExplorations: The Parthenon hold public office. Now even the poorest citizen could serve if elected or chosen by lot. Consequently, Athens had more citizens engaged in self-government than any other city-state in Greece. This reform made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history. The introduction of direct democracy, a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives, was an important legacy of Periclean Athens. Few other city-states practiced this style of government. In Athens, male citizens who served in the assembly established all the important government policies that affected the polis. In a speech honoring the Athenian war dead, Pericles expressed his great pride in Athenian democracy: Analyzing Primary Sources How accurate do you consider Pericles’ statement that Athenian democracy was in the hands of “the whole people“? A. Possible Answer Although Athenian citizens were widely represented at all levels of government, citizens were only a small part of Athens’ total population. Noncitizens could not participate. PRIMARY SOURCE Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. When it is a question of settling private disputes, everyone is equal before the law; when it is a question of putting one person before another in positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership in a particular class, but the actual ability which the man possesses. No one, so long as he has it in him to be of service to the state, is kept in political obscurity because of poverty. PERICLES, “The Funeral Oration,” from Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War Athenian Empire After the defeat of the Persians, Athens Glorious Art and Architecture Pericles’ goal was to have the greatest Greek artists and architects create magnificent sculptures and buildings to glorify Athens. At the center of his plan was one of architecture’s noblest works—the Parthenon. Architecture and Sculpture The Parthenon, a masterpiece of architectural design and craftsmanship, was not unique in style. Rather, Greek architects constructed the 23,000square-foot building in the traditional style that had been used to create Greek temples for 200 years. This temple, The Greeks called their assembly the ecclesia, meaning “to summon forth.” Ask students if they know of any related English words. (It is the root of the word ecclesiastic, which means “minister or priest,” and of ecclesiastical, “relating to a church.”) History Makers In a famous funeral oration, Pericles praised the citizens of Athens: “Here each individual is interested not only in his own affairs but in the affairs of the state as well. . . .” Ask students what this quotation suggests about Pericles’ views of public life in Athens and society in general. (Pericles was proud of civic participation in Athens.) Pericles 495–429 B.C. Pericles came from a rich and highranking noble family. His aristocratic father had led the Athenian assembly and fought at the Battle of Salamis in the Persian Wars. His mother was the niece of Cleisthenes, the Athenian noble who had introduced important democratic reforms. Pericles was well known for his political achievements as leader of Athens. Pericles the man, however, was harder to know. One historian wrote: “[He] no doubt, was a lonely man. . . . He had no friend . . . [and] he only went out [of his home] for official business.” RESEARCH LINKS For more on Pericles, go to classzone.com Classical Greece 135 DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: Tip for Gifted and Talented Students Pericles helped organize the Delian League. In time, Athens took over leadership of the league and dominated all the citystates in it. Pericles used the money from the league’s treasury to make the Athenian navy the strongest in the Mediterranean. A strong navy was important because it helped Athens strengthen the safety of its empire. Prosperity depended on gaining access to the surrounding waterways. Athens needed overseas trade to obtain supplies of grain and other raw materials. Athenian military might allowed Pericles to treat other members of the Delian League as part of the empire. Some cities in the Peloponnesus, however, resisted Athens and formed their own alliances. As you will read later in this section, Sparta in particular was at odds with Athens. Glorifying Athens Pericles also used money from the Delian League to beautify Athens. Without the league’s approval, he persuaded the Athenian assembly to vote huge sums of the league’s money to buy gold, ivory, and marble. Still more money went to pay the artists, architects, and workers who used these materials. CHAPTER 5 • Section 3 Glorious Art and Architecture Critical Thinking • Why would Pericles not have been satisfied with securing Athens’ political and economic strength? Why did he also demand the city-state’s artistic glorification? (Possible Answers: It was a way for Pericles to honor and win favor with the Greek gods; Athenians thought surrounding themselves with beauty was valuable in itself.) • What sorts of artistic values might classical artists and architects have shunned? (Possible Answers: realism, disorder, emotionalism) GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Greek Architectural Influence in the United States Class Time 45 minutes Task Exploring the influence of Greek architecture in the United States Purpose To familiarize students with the historical background of their environment Instructions The influence of Greek art and architectural styles is apparent throughout the United States—in the nation’s capital; in hundreds of county courthouses, municipal buildings, public libraries, and colleges; and even in private residences. Greek columns, pediments, and porticos adorn many exteriors, while interiors of historic opera houses, theaters, and hotels have paintings or statues of classical Greek heroes and deities. Have students take walking tours of their own community and photograph buildings that show the influence of Greek architectural styles. Ask them to compile an album in which they organize their photographs by date, building type, or a plan of their own devising. Albums should include commentary about the photos, such as the location of the buildings photographed; their date of construction, if known; and names of distinguishing features, such as roof type, column design, cornice, or other decorative details. Teacher’s Edition 135