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Major Neuro Bio review – Print out this Document
Complete 1-50 over the Thanksgiving Break – due your first day in class after break
I WANT you to research your answers and take notes on what you ‘find’
 Attach your notes to this document!!
___ 1. Biological psychology is the study of the ______________ factors that influence or cause behavior and mental processes.
A)
physical and chemical
D)
cognitive
B)
naturalistic
E)
metaphysical
C)
social and physical
___ 2. What type of psychologist would probably have written a paper titled “Emotion and chemical change: The relationship”?
A) Quantitative B) Biological C) Clinical D) Personality E) Community
___ 3. If the myelin sheathing on neurons is absent or removed in a given individual, they will exhibit difficulties in speaking, vision, and
balance because without myelin the
A)
quantity of neurotransmitters released into synapses will be reduced.
B)
quantity of neurotransmitters released into synapses will be increased.
C)
speed of neural conduction along critical paths will be too fast.
D)
speed of neural conduction along critical paths will be too slow.
E)
neuron will cease to function.
___ 4. Doctor Simo is building a super-genius monster. He wants to make sure that his monster's neurons can turn oxygen and glucose into
energy, so he gives the neurons plenty of
A) dendrites. B) mitochondria. C) nuclei. D) axons. E) vacuoles.
___ 5. Which of the following is not one of the main components of information processing that the nervous system performs?
A)
Processing
D)
Input
B)
Output
E)
All of the above are main components.
C)
Assimilation
___ 6. The two major types of cells in the nervous system are
A)
Schwann cells and glial cells.
B)
Schwann cells and mitochondria.
C)
neurons and glial cells.
D)
E)
mitochondria and neurons.
mitochondria and glial cells.
___ 7. Neurons have some similarities with other cells in the human body. Which of the following characteristics is seen in neurons, but not in
most other cells?
A)
An outer membrane
D)
Mitochondria
B)
A cell body
E)
A nucleus
C)
The ability to transmit signals to other cells
___ 8. Glial cells are responsible for all of the following functions except
A)
directing the growth of neurons.
D)
cleaning up after brain damage.
B)
holding neurons together.
E)
keeping their chemical environment stable.
C)
turning oxygen and glucose into energy.
___ 9. Dr. Wozniak is examining a cell from the nervous system of an animal. He notices that at one end of the cell body is a long, fibrous
strand of tissue. He immediately recognizes this as an axon that is responsible for
A)
carrying signals away from the cell body.
B)
receiving signals from other cells and carrying them toward the cell body.
C)
determining the speed at which an action potential will travel.
D)
determining whether the cell inhibits or excites neighboring neurons.
E)
directing the growth and repair of neurons.
___ 10. Mimi is sitting in her biology lab, trying to figure out what kind of a cell she has on the slide under her microscope. “Aha,” she cries. “It's
a neuron!” One thing that might have tipped Mimi off is the fact that the cell has
A) an outer membrane. B) an axon. C) mitochondria. D) sulci. E) a nucleus.
___ 11. Eycine operated the telephone switchboard at a large company, answering calls and directing them to the appropriate extensions.
Remembering her introductory psychology class, she decided that her situation was much like the ______________ of neurons,
because numerous people could call her at one time, but she could only send out one call at a time.
A)
sodium and potassium
D)
synapses and neurotransmitters
B)
dendrites and axons
E)
action potential and refractory period
C)
myelin and mitochondria
[Type text]
___ 12. Upper Hall Street is a one-way street leading away from Portland, Oregon. With respect to Portland, Upper Hall Street is most
analogous to a(n) ______________ of a nerve cell.
A) synapse B) nucleus C) dendrite D) axon E) soma
___ 13. You are looking at a neuron under a microscope. You find many structures coming off the cell body. Some of these are relatively thick
and branch many times. One of the structures, however, is very thin and very long. This latter structure is most likely the neuron's
______________ , which carries the ______________.
A)
dendrite; efferent signal
D)
axon; receptors
B)
dendrite; afferent signal
E)
axon; neurotransmitters
C)
axon; action potential
___ 14. The difference between neuron A, which picks up information about a mad dog running toward you, and neuron B, which picks up
information about the smell of food cooking in the restaurant next door, is the presence of
A)
myelin around neuron A but not neuron B.
B)
myelin around neuron B but not neuron A.
C)
more sodium ions in neuron A than neuron B.
D)
more sodium ions in neuron B than neuron A.
E)
a longer refractory period for neuron A but not neuron B.
___ 15. Kawanna notices that her reaction time is much slower than many of her friends' time on various tasks and she believes this is because
the action potentials fired by the cells in her nervous system slow down as they reach the end of the axons. This statement is incorrect
because action potentials
A)
are fired by cells outside of the nervous system.
B)
speed up as they reach the end of the axon.
C)
only slow down messages when being carried by dendrites.
D)
shoot down the dendrite, not the axon.
E)
neither speed up nor slow down as they travel down the axon.
___ 16. On the new spin-off series, Bio Jeopardy, the host gives the clue “A greater number of negative signals in a neuron's dendrites or cell
body will cause this kind of potential.” You immediately know the answer is an ______ postsynaptic potential.
A) afferent B) efferent C) inhibitory D) excitatory E) autonomic
___ 17. An action potential has just sped down one of your efferent neurons in order to jerk your hand off the hot stove. Before an action
potential will speed through this neuron again, the membrane of the neuron must become repolarized. The time between the action
potentials is called the ______________ period.
A) refractory B) polarization C) self-propagating D) repolarization E) dormant
___ 18. A neuron can be compared to a vending machine. The snacks inside the machine are negatively charged particles, and the coins put
into the machine are positively charged particles. At the beginning of each day, when the vending machine always has slightly more
snacks than coins in it, it is most likely in a state of
A) depolarization. B) refraction. C) polarization. D) synapse. E) propagation.
___ 19. Arty the axon and his friends have the tiring job of carrying signals to the synapses. Because this is hard work Arty and his pals insist
that they take a brief rest after they send one message and before they send another one. Their coworkers are used to this and know
not to disturb Arty and his friends during their ______________ period.
A) propagating B) refractory C) residual D) terminal E) critical
___ 20. Dexter is looking at a diagram of a neuron that he copied in lecture. The diagram shows that sodium gates along the axon are open,
and sodium ions are flowing into the cell. Dexter decides that the cell membrane is ______________ and the cell is ______________.
A)
depolarizing; at rest
D)
repolarizing; firing an action potential
B)
repolarizing; in a refractory period
E)
depolarizing; firing an action potential
C)
depolarizing; in a refractory period
___ 21. You are a reporter who is watching an action potential in progress. Which of the following statements should you broadcast to your
listeners to best describe what you are witnessing? “Currently, I see
A)
an electrical impulse shooting from an axon to a dendrite.”
B)
mitochondria moving toward a synapse.”
C)
sodium ions rushing in as gates open one after another along the axon.”
D)
many more negative ions inside than there were previously.”
E)
a chemical impulse shooting down the axon toward the synapse.”
___ 22. A neuron sums incoming signals at the cell body, generating an action potential (AP). This causes the neuron to fire. During the
depolarizing phase of the AP, potassium ions will be found
A)
rushing into the neuron.
B)
interacting with mitochondria.
C)
predominantly in the nodes of ranvier.
D)
in vesicles in the terminal ending of the neuron.
E)
inside the neuron.
___ 23. After a freak accident involving a falling piano, Dr. Diart informs you that you have sustained damage to your limbic system. Which of
the following functions will be most affected?
A) Emotion B) Vision C) Intelligence D) Perception E) Motor
___ 24. Andre was in a terrible car accident and had a serious head injury, resulting in him being in a permanent coma. Andre most likely has
damage to his
A)
cerebellum.
D)
reticular formation.
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B)
hypothalamus.
E)
amygdala.
C)
corpus callosum.
Neurons communicate across the synapse by means of neurotransmitters, which bind to special proteins on the postsynaptic
membrane like a key fitting into a lock. In this analogy, the neurotransmitter is the key and the ______________ is the lock.
A) synapse B) axon C) postsynaptic potential D) dendrite E) receptor
Once a neurotransmitter is released into a neuronal synapse, it is most like a(n)
A)
accident waiting to happen.
D)
size 10 foot looking for a size 10 shoe.
B)
rolling stone.
E)
ball of putty that can change shape.
C)
lock waiting for a key.
A neuron evokes the action potential of another neuron by releasing the ______________ into the ______________ that fit into the
______________ of the other neuron.
A)
receptors; synapse; neurotransmitters
D)
axon; dendrites; neurotransmitters
B)
neurotransmitters; synapse; receptors
E)
synapse; neurotransmitters; axon
C)
dendrites; axon; synapse
Nina the neuron has been damaged and the vesicles in her axon are now empty and cannot be refilled. What will Nina no longer be
able to do?
A)
Receive signals from other neurons
D)
Stimulate a postsynaptic receptor
B)
Polarize her membrane
E)
Close her ion gates
C)
Depolarize her membrane
“Hey! It's too crowded in here! Stop shoving! Boy, I can't wait till I'm free! I'm going to flow across that synapse and find the perfect
receptor for me and you guys won't fit.” “Oh yeah! You'd better hope you connect soon or else you'll be sucked back into this crowded
room again!” This conversation is taking place among
A)
postsynaptic potentials.
D)
neurotransmitter molecules in a vesicle.
B)
dendrites connected to a neuron.
E)
mitochondria in neuron's cell body.
C)
sodium ions in an axon.
Nora Neuron is getting mixed signals from her neighbors. Nervous Ned is sending her inhibitory signals, and so is Pessimistic Peg. But,
Upbeat Uriah is giving her excitatory signals. Nora will
A)
get excited and fire an action potential.
B)
be inhibited and not fire an action potential.
C)
get excited, but not fire an action potential.
D)
be inhibited, but still fire an action potential.
E)
get excited, but only fire an action potential at half strength.
A neuron will have an excitatory postsynaptic potential when ______________ ions rush into the ______________.
A)
negative; synapse
D)
positive; neuron
B)
positive; synapse
E)
negative; myelin
C)
negative; neuron
When Norton Neuron fired his axon and released chemicals into the synapse, he noticed that the chemicals triggered action potentials
in the neurons that received them. “Hmm,” Norton thinks to himself, “I am the cause of
A)
myelinization.”
D)
an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.”
B)
an excitatory postsynaptic potential.”
E)
the refractory period.”
C)
mitochondria.”
As a result of the combined signals of several presynaptic nerve cells, potassium channels open causing potassium ions to flow out of
a particular nerve cell. What is the most likely outcome?
A)
Depolarization leading to an action potential
B)
Depolarization without an action potential
C)
Hyperpolarization leading to an action potential
D)
Hyperpolarization without an action potential
E)
Hyperpolarization leading to a partial action potential
A neurotransmitter is released from the end of an axon, floats across the synapse, and binds to an appropriate receptor. The resulting
changes make the body of the second neuron more negatively charged relative to the surrounding environment (i.e., hyperpolarized);
which of the following terms describes this best?
A)
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
D)
Afferent potential
B)
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
E)
Efferent potential
C)
Presynaptic potential
Action potentials _____________ ; postsynaptic potentials ______________.
A)
occur only in axons; occur only in dendrites
B)
occur only in dendrites; occur only in axons
C)
occur only in dendrites; remain at constant strength
D)
fade as they go along; remain at constant strength
E)
remain at constant strength; fade as they go along
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___ 36. For the postsynaptic cell to fire, there needs to be more ______________ than ______________.
A)
IPSPs; EPSPs
D)
EPSPs; IPSPs
B)
sodium ions; potassium ions
E)
potassium ions; EPSPs
C)
potassium ions; sodium ions
___ 37. Neurons in the brain and spinal cord are organized into groups called
A)
feedback systems.
D)
networks.
B)
neurotransmitter systems.
E)
clusters.
C)
bundles.
___ 38. After a back injury, Riamsalat has no feeling below his waist, though he can still move his legs and feet. Riamsalat has probably
damaged his ______________ system.
A) motor B) output C) processing D) autonomic E) sensory
___ 39. The voluntary command Julie uses to raise her hand in class would travel through the ______________ nervous system from the
spinal cord to the muscles that control the movement.
A) somatic B) autonomic C) sympathetic D) parasympathetic E) reticular
___ 40. Carlos was in a car accident and received a head injury that resulted in a decreased ability to produce speech. Carlos has more than
likely damaged his ______________ nervous system.
A) sympathetic B) peripheral C) central D) sensory E) autonomic
___ 41. Which nervous system is involved in allowing you to shoot a basketball, smell freshly baked bread, and push the keys on a piano?
A)
Sympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system (ANS)
B)
Parasympathetic branch of the ANS
C)
Both branches of the ANS
D)
Somatic nervous system
E)
Endocrine system
___ 42. The digestion of last night's dinner is most directly controlled by the ______________ system.
A)
autonomic nervous
D)
endocrine
B)
central nervous
E)
sensory
C)
somatic nervous
___ 43. When you are running to catch a bus, the ______________ nervous system is directly responsible for making the muscles in your legs
move.
A) somatic B) sympathetic C) central D) parasympathetic E) autonomic
___ 44. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the
A)
brain and spinal cord.
D)
brain and peripheral nervous system.
B)
central and somatic nervous systems.
E)
peripheral and central nervous systems.
C)
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
___ 45. Nilam accidentally touches the hot burner on the stove. Sensory information about the pain and heat will be carried to her brain by the
______ nervous system, her heart rate will increase as a result of activation by the ______ nervous system, and when she calms down
the ______ nervous system will slow her heart rate down.
A)
peripheral; central; autonomic
D)
somatic; sympathetic; parasympathetic
B)
somatic; autonomic; central
E)
central; parasympathetic; autonomic
C)
central; sympathetic; parasympathetic
___ 46. Juan gives a sigh of pleasure as he slides into a bubbling hot tub. The neurons that signal that his skin is warm are part of his ______
nervous system.
A) somatic B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) autonomic E) reticular
___ 47. Connections in Chiara's autonomic nervous system have been harmed by a mysterious infection. From which of the following areas is
Chiara most unlikely to receive the usual communication?
A) Eyes B) Muscles C) Lungs D) Pain receptors E) Spinal cord
___ 48. Mikel has to keep his apartment cool in the summer because he has a nervous system disorder that makes him unable to sweat. The
problem is most likely in Mikel's
A)
somatic nervous system.
D)
autonomic nervous system.
B)
spinal cord.
E)
amygdala.
C)
mitochondria.
___ 49. The main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the ______________ and the ______________.
A)
somatic; autonomic
D)
reticular; limbic
B)
sympathetic; parasympathetic
E)
neurons; glial cells
C)
afferent; efferent
___ 50. Tisha has a disorder that affects the functioning of her somatic nervous system. Of the following, Tisha probably experiences the most
trouble
A)
digesting food.
D)
breathing.
B)
thinking.
E)
experiencing emotions.
C)
moving her limbs.
___ 51. Rashaun saw something terrifying. His muscles tensed, he began breathing more rapidly, and he began to sweat. Having taken
introductory psychology, Rashaun knew that the ______________ division of his ______________ nervous system had been
activated.
A)
sympathetic; limbic
D)
sympathetic; autonomic
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B)
parasympathetic; somatic
E)
limbic; peripheral
C)
peripheral; central
Frank has to give an oral presentation in his Psychology class. He is nervous about public speaking so he experiences rapid heartbeat,
sweaty palms, and increased respiration. This results from activity of the _______ nervous system.
A) somatic B) sympathetic C) ancillary D) parasympathetic E) limbic
While Bonnie is getting ready for her first date with Juan, her heart is racing and her blood pressure is high because she is excited and
nervous. While dining, Bonnie becomes calm and relaxed. While getting ready, Bonnie's ______ nervous system was activated. While
dining, Bonnie's ______ nervous system was activated.
A)
peripheral; autonomic
D)
sympathetic; parasympathetic
B)
autonomic; peripheral
E)
parasympathetic; autonomic
C)
parasympathetic; sympathetic
Ramon hides a fake, bloody, severed finger in Gebrae's lunch box. Gebrae is startled when he opens his lunch box and sees the
finger. Gebrae's increased heart rate and respiration results from the activity of his ______ nervous system.
A) parasympathetic B) sympathetic C) ocular-pulmonary D) reflexive E) central
Claudia has just come home from a long, difficult day of writing questions for this test. As she sits down on the sofa, her heart rate and
breathing slow down, her muscles relax, and her digestive system starts getting ready for food. It appears as though Claudia's
______________ has been activated.
A)
thalamus
B)
parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
C)
sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
D)
somatic nervous system
E)
hypothalamus
If a person had a diseased autonomic nervous system, the kinds of functions most directly affected would be things such as
______________ and ______________.
A)
decision making; problem solving
B)
getting dressed; driving a car
C)
reflexive movements; receiving sensory input
D)
digestion; breathing
E)
experiencing emotions; judging other people's emotions
During a job interview, Samira realizes that she is sweating a little bit and she feels her heart pounding against her chest. Her stomach
is also a little bit upset and she hasn't felt like eating all day. From this information, it appears that the _____ division of Samira's
_____ nervous system is very active.
A)
parasympathetic; autonomic
D)
autonomic; sympathetic
B)
autonomic; parasympathetic
E)
sympathetic; autonomic
C)
parasympathetic; somatic
After Les touches a hot iron, he pulls his hand away almost instantaneously. The command that instructed Les's muscles to pull his
arm away so quickly most likely came from his
A)
brain.
D)
motor neurons.
B)
spinal cord.
E)
association cortex.
C)
sensory neurons.
You have been up all night studying for an important midterm examination and are a little tired. As you reach for your hot chocolate,
you accidentally touch the hot burner on the stove. You quickly pull your hand away from the burner. Which of the following statements
about your action is true?
A)
The medulla and cerebellum played major parts in your response.
B)
The movement of your hand did not involve the somatic nervous system.
C)
Glial cells did most of the work necessary to move your hand.
D)
Your brain sent instructions, via the spinal cord, to pull away from the burner.
E)
Your reflexive action occurred entirely within the spinal cord.
Casey got up one morning after only a few hours of sleep and plugged in the iron to press his shirt. When he heard a ringing sound he
grabbed the iron by the hot part, and before he could say “hello,” he dropped it with a crash. The part of Casey's nervous system that
caused him to drop the hot iron was his
A)
substantia nigra and sensory neurons.
B)
spinal cord, sensory neurons, and motor neurons.
C)
cerebral cortex and motor neurons.
D)
amygdala and sensory neurons.
E)
association and somatosensory cortices.
During your annual check up, the doctor conducts a test of your knee-jerk reflex by tapping your knee. This causes your leg to kick
forward. What is the complete sequence of events that occurs between the tap and the leg jerk?
A)
Efferent neuron ; interneuron ; afferent neuron
B)
Afferent neuron ; interneuron ; efferent neuron ; brain
C)
Efferent neuron ; interneuron ; brain ; interneuron ; afferent neuron
D)
Afferent neuron ; brain ; interneuron ; efferent neuron
E)
Efferent neuron; brain; interneuron
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___ 62. All of the following statements are true about reflexes except that they
A)
take place in the spinal cord.
B)
occur without instructions from the brain.
C)
are not voluntary.
D)
do not send signals to the brain.
E)
involve activation of both sensory and motor neurons.
___ 63. Elinore leaned against a hot radiator. Although her sensory neurons are relaying the pain information, she is not moving away from the
heat. Which of the following neurons is most likely not functioning?
A) Afferent B) Presynaptic C) Limbic D) Thalamic E) Efferent
___ 64. Phan heard a joke that was so funny he literally slapped his knee. The slap caused his leg to reflexively kick forward and knock down
his table. The command telling Phan's leg to kick forward was carried from the ______________ to the muscles controlling leg
movement through ______________ neurons.
A)
brain; afferent
D)
brain; efferent
B)
spinal cord; afferent
E)
brain; spinal cord
C)
spinal cord; efferent
___ 65. Mitch tripped and fell near the campfire. When he reflexively drew back his hand, which had touched a hot coal, the signal sent
throughout his nervous system went from his hand to his
A)
spinal cord, then to his brain, then back to his hand.
B)
brain, then to his spinal cord, then back to his hand.
C)
spinal cord, then back to his hand, then to his brain.
D)
brain, then simultaneously to his hand and spinal cord.
E)
spinal cord, then back to his hand, but not to his brain.
___ 66. Chirag's spinal cord was completely severed at the neck in an auto accident. He would still be able to
A)
wiggle his toes.
B)
exhibit the 'knee-jerk' reflex in response to a tap on the knee.
C)
feel the pain of a pin prick on his foot.
D)
snap his fingers.
E)
feel the pressure of shoes against his feet and ankles.
___ 67. Athea was a subject in a study in which the glucose in her brain was marked with a radioactive substance. Then radiation detectors
identified especially active brain areas. Athea participated in a study that employed
A)
electroencephalograms (EEGs).
D)
positron emission tomography (PET).
B)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
E)
rational-emotive therapy (RET).
C)
psychophysical radiograms (PPRs).
___ 68. Alfred the brain was in a car accident, and the doctor suspects that Alfred may have suffered structural damage. Which of the following
tests would be the most appropriate to find out whether there is structural damage?
A)
Electrical stimulation
D)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
E)
Cognitive mapping
C)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
___ 69. Latoria is horseback riding when she falls and hits her head. After the accident she has difficulty performing finely coordinated
movements. Latoria has most likely damaged her
A) medulla. B) recticular formation. C) cerebellum. D) locus coeruleus. E) thalamus.
___ 70. Blesdo keeps falling asleep at odd times. He is having trouble with arousal and attention. His doctors have ruled out sleep disorders
and are now concentrating on certain brain structures. The one that is most likely malfunctioning is the
A) thalamus. B) reticular formation. C) substantia nigra. D) hippocampus. E) amygdala.
___ 71. You are a morning person who loves to get up early and enjoy the new day. Your roommate is a night person who only begins to wake
up in the early afternoon. The part of the brain that regulates each of your biological clocks is the
A)
thalamus.
D)
striatum.
B)
hypothalamus.
E)
suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C)
hippocampus.
___ 72. A jeweler is repairing a gold chain with very tiny links. The jeweler's ______________ would be very important in her ability to do this
repair.
A) medulla B) hippocampus C) thalamus D) hindbrain E) cerebellum
___ 73. Herman suffers a stroke that destroys the connections between the reticular formation and the rest of his brain. Herman will most likely
A)
be in a permanent coma.
B)
have increased activity in the locus coeruleus.
C)
lose automatic control of his heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
D)
lose all reflexes.
E)
lose his drives for thirst and hunger.
___ 74. After consuming a few alcoholic beverages, Sejal finds it hard to tie her shoes. This is most likely because the alcohol has affected her
A) corpus callosum. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebellum. D) hippocampus. E) amygdala.
___ 75. Jerry is playing a video game. He sees a bad guy on the screen that he is supposed to zap by pushing button A and B simultaneously.
Jerry is able to coordinate vision with his hand movements due to his ______ cortex.
A) sensory B) temporal C) motor D) association E) somatosensory
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___ 76. Jerod was in an automobile accident and can no longer control his own heart rate or breathing. Jerod most likely has damage to his
A) cerebellum. B) hippocampus. C) amygdala. D) medulla. E) hypothalamus.
___ 77. After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others, even when she can see
their facial expressions. Stella has most likely damaged her
A) cerebellum. B) amygdala. C) hypothalamus. D) thalamus. E) medulla.
___ 78. Trisha is gradually developing an impairment in her ability to perform finely coordinated movements, such as cutting a clove of garlic
into very small pieces. Doctors will probably discover a problem in her
A) medulla. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebellum. D) amygdala. E) locus coeruleus.
___ 79. Bert and Ernie have very different sleeping patterns. Bert always wakes up early in the morning but he starts to get tired early in the
evening. Ernie, on the other hand, prefers to stay up late and then sleep until noon. Bert and Ernie's different sleeping preferences are
most likely due to their
A)
thalamus.
D)
corpus callosum.
B)
amygdala.
E)
hippocampus.
C)
suprachiasmatic nuclei.
___ 80. After a freak boating accident, Arlo's hippocampus was lost at sea. Although he has recovered in all other respects, Arlo will have
difficulty
A)
forming new memories of events after the accident.
B)
speaking fluently in his native language.
C)
making controlled, purposeful movements.
D)
smiling.
E)
experiencing emotions.
___ 81. After an evil scientist destroys part of Patrick's brain, Patrick finds that he is constantly hungry and he eats much more than before. The
scientist destroyed Patrick's
A) amygdala. B) reticular formation. C) thalamus. D) hippocampus. E) hypothalamus.
___ 82. Suppose that you have just been abducted by aliens from the planet Zeebo. The Zeeboians are very interested in life on Earth, and
one of them asks you how humans are different from other species. In terms of brain anatomy, which of the following structures would
you say best differentiates humans from the so-called lower species?
A) Reticular formation B) Cerebral cortex C) Cerebellum D) Medulla E) Hindbrain
___ 83. One moment Sharese is happy, the next moment she is sad. First she is angry, and then disgusted. There is probably something
wrong with Sharese's
A) immune system. B) thalamus. C) medulla. D) striatum. E) limbic system.
___ 84. Recent animal studies have shown that removal of the hippocampus several days after a mildly painful experience will not erase the
memory of the experience. This evidence suggests that
A)
the hippocampus is necessary only for long-term memory.
B)
the hippocampus is NOT necessary for forming new memories.
C)
memories are transferred and stored somewhere other than the hippocampus.
D)
memories of pain are stored in different areas of the brain than other memories.
E)
the hippocampus does not process traumatic or painful memories.
___ 85. Damage to which part of the brain would have the LEAST effect on a person's ability to juggle?
A) Cerebellum B) Substantia nigra C) Striatum D) Hippocampus E) Midbrain
___ 86. For an animal model to best replicate Alzheimer's as observed in humans, it should exhibit all of the following except
A)
plaques and tangles in cortex.
D)
loss of cholinergic neurons.
B)
trouble initiating movement.
E)
dementia.
C)
progressive mental deterioration.
___ 87. Which of the following has not been implicated in Alzheimer's disease?
A) Neurotrophic factors B) Tangles C) Plaques D) Beta-amyloid E) Dementia
___ 88. The human brain appears extremely wrinkled when closely examined. These wrinkles
A)
are purely cosmetic and have no actual purpose.
B)
are byproducts of old age; normal adults' brains are smooth.
C)
act as a shock-absorption device, preventing neural damage.
D)
disappear as a person progresses into late adulthood.
E)
allow a greater surface area of cortex to be included in the skull.
___ 89. When Cade was tackled during a football game, he hit the back of his head on the turf, which resulted in a concussion. Cade now has
trouble with his vision. Cade most likely injured his ______ lobe.
A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) occipital E) prefrontal
___ 90. As Omar lay inside an fMRI machine, he looks at geometric shapes projected onto special goggles. The fMRI will show a lot of blood
flow to his ______ lobes while he looks at the shapes.
A) parietal B) occipital C) temporal D) frontal E) association
___ 91. Veronica bent over in her garden to pick a squash but bumped her head on a fence post and passed out. When she came to, she could
not let go of the squash in her left hand; the hand would not open or close. She most likely injured cells in her ______________ lobe.
A) right frontal B) left frontal C) right parietal D) left parietal E) right occipital
___ 92. Luke is learning to play the guitar. Recent research suggests that the organization of Luke's somatosensory cortex may change to
allow more of the neurons there to respond to touch. Which lobe of Luke's cerebral cortex contains the somatosensory cortex?
A) Frontal B) Parietal C) Temporal D) Occipital E) Corpus
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___ 93. If the person sitting beside you were to tap your shoulder, neurons in ______ would become active in response to the tap.
A)
Wernicke's area
D)
the somatosensory cortex
B)
the occipital lobe
E)
Broca's area
C)
the motor cortex
___ 94. In the brain's motor cortex, the region of cells responsible for moving the index finger of the right hand is near the region that moves the
A) right ring finger. B) upper lip. C) right foot. D) left thumb. E) nose.
___ 95. Voshon is programming a computer to “think” like humans. His big challenge is to get the computer to integrate information from a
variety of sources and relate this information (words and images) to abstract concepts. What area of the cerebral cortex accomplishes
these tasks for humans?
A)
Motor cortex
D)
Integrative cortex
B)
Sensory cortex
E)
Association cortex
C)
Somatosensory cortex
___ 96. If you were to prick yourself with a pin in the following sets of locations, which would cause neural firing closest together in your
somatosensory cortex?
A)
Foot and ear
D)
Hand and forearm
B)
Knee and scalp
E)
Neck and ankle
C)
Shoulder and big toe
___ 97. Chester recently had a moderately severe stroke that has caused him to speak with a foreign accent. The part of the brain affected by
his stroke was the
A)
association cortex.
D)
motor cortex.
B)
central sulcus.
E)
locus coeruleus.
C)
hippocampus.
___ 98. After a stroke, Juanita has great difficulty with speech. Words come slowly and haltingly and her speech is often grammatically
incorrect. The stroke probably damaged
A)
Wernicke's area.
D)
the hippocampus.
B)
Broca's area.
E)
the hypothalamus.
C)
the cerebellum.
___ 99. A neurologist is examining a patient and asks him, “What sound does a lion make?” The patient replies, “Lion ... he roar.” What region
of the patient's brain is most likely damaged?
A)
Wernicke's area
D)
Wundt's area
B)
The motor cortex
E)
The auditory cortex
C)
Broca's area
___ 100. After a freak camera zooming accident, John Edward sustains brain damage. The next day on his TV show, John exhibits problems
speaking. He says things like “I'm…g-g-getting s-something …from...oh…over…h-here.” However, when John sings, the words come
out fluently. John most likely has sustained damage to his
A)
Broca's area.
D)
Wernicke's area.
B)
locus coeruleus.
E)
hippocampus.
C)
amygdala.
___ 101. Jacob had severe epilepsy, so a surgeon cut through his corpus callosum to prevent seizures from crossing to the other side of Jacob's
brain. After surgery, if Jacob sees a picture of a ball in his LEFT visual field, he CANNOT
A)
choose a ball from among several objects with his right hand.
B)
spell out “BALL” with letter magnets.
C)
make a throwing motion with his right hand.
D)
correctly identify the ball in words.
E)
recognize it was a picture of a ball.
___ 102. Wayne was injured when a rotary saw blade was accidentally used in a game of Frisbee golf. Wayne seemed all right, except for a
large cut through the middle of his skull. However, when he was asked to place his left hand into his left pocket and verbally describe
the contents, he couldn't. Having taken introductory psychology, his friend Garth deduced, “Wayne's ______________ must be cut!”
A) hypothalamus B) occipital lobe C) corpus callosum D) frontal lobe E) thalamus
___ 103. Adrian is recovering from a skiing accident. When an apple is shown to his left cerebral hemisphere, he can name it, but when shown
to the right hemisphere he cannot explain it. Adrian most likely damaged his ______ in the accident.
A)
locus coeruleus
D)
association cortex
B)
suprachiasmatic nuclei
E)
corpus callosum
C)
reticular formation
___ 104. The two hemispheres of the brain sometimes perform different tasks (lateralization). However, information is passed back and forth
between hemispheres so that the brain can function as a whole. This inter-hemispheric communication depends on the
A)
association cortex.
D)
corpus callosum.
B)
thalamus.
E)
medulla.
C)
somatosensory cortex.
___ 105. Juan had his corpus callosum severed to prevent whole-brain seizures. He sits in front of a screen and stares at a dot in the middle,
while simple visual stimuli are flashed briefly to the left and right of the dot. Juan would
A)
be able to name stimuli on the left, but not on the right.
B)
be able to name stimuli on the right, but not on the left.
C)
NOT be able to name any of the stimuli.
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___ 106.
___ 107.
___ 108.
___ 109.
___ 110.
___ 111.
___ 112.
___ 113.
___ 114.
___ 115.
___ 116.
___ 117.
___ 118.
___ 119.
___ 120.
D)
be able to name all of the stimuli.
E)
NOT be conscious if his corpus callosum was severed.
Suppose that the left hemisphere of Jamal's brain is damaged, but the right hemisphere is left intact. Jamal would be most likely to
experience a deficit in his ability to
A)
compose new songs on his piano.
D)
follow a map.
B)
feel an insect bite his left hand.
E)
draft architectural designs.
C)
converse with friends.
Identifying certain types of brain functions (language skills, for instance) as lateralized means that
A)
areas responsible for these functions are located at a uniform depth throughout the cerebral cortex.
B)
all human beings possess the ability to perform these functions.
C)
the entire cerebrum is involved in performing these functions.
D)
they are performed most efficiently by one or the other of the two cerebral hemispheres.
E)
they can bypass the thalamus for further processing.
The right hemisphere gets information from the ______________ side of the body and has better ______________ abilities than the
left hemisphere.
A) left; logical B) right; language C) left; language D) right; artistic E) left; spatial
As part of a new government program, United States citizens can donate part of their brains to the supercomputer development fund in
exchange for a Statue of Liberty commemorative coin set. If you decide to donate a significant chunk of the left hemisphere of your
brain (for the gold coin set, of course), which of the following abilities would be least affected?
A)
Language
B)
Speech
C)
Musical ability
D)
Ability to operate a video joystick with your right hand
E)
Logical reasoning
Bob is nine months old. Carol is nine years old. Ted is twenty-nine years old. Lester is fifty-three years old. Alice is ninety years old.
Whose brain is most likely overproducing synapses?
A) Bob B) Carol C) Ted D) Lester E) Alice
One of the main reasons that a damaged arm is able to heal itself while a damaged brain usually cannot is that
A)
cells in your brain have evolved a more sophisticated technique of regrowth and replacement.
B)
“normal” cells have the ability to divide and neurons do not.
C)
glial cells found in the brain do not continue to divide.
D)
synaptic plasticity effects only occur during early childhood.
E)
undamaged neurons are unable to take over for damaged ones.
______________ play a caretaking function, cleaning up after brain damage.
A) Efferent neurons B) Hormones C) Interneurons D) Glial cells E) Stem cells
If a scientist implanted some cells into an adult patient's brain, and this caused stimulation and growth of axons—reversing brain
damage—you could assume that the implanted cells produced
A) nerve growth factor. B) fetal tissue. C) L-dopa. D) glial cells. E) macrophages.
Which of the following developmental changes in the brain occurs after birth?
A)
The number of dendrites and synapses increases until adolescence, when they are reduced.
B)
The number of axons increases and the number of dendrites decreases throughout adolescence and adulthood.
C)
No developmental changes occur after birth because all the neurons the brain will ever have are present at birth.
D)
New neurons grow until adolescence, when they begin to die.
E)
New neurons continue to grow throughout the entire lifespan.
Sam has schizophrenia. He started taking medication to decrease his symptoms. However, he now has difficulty initiating smooth
movement. The drug that Sam took blocked his ______ receptors.
A) dopamine B) glutamate C) norepinephrine D) serotonin E) acetylcholine.
Dr. Jovial is trying to design a “happy helmet” that will make people experience pleasure when they wear it. Dr. Jovial should design the
helmet so that it causes a release of the neurotransmitter
A) GABA. B) acetylcholine. C) glutamate. D) dopamine. E) progestin.
Belinda has been depressed lately and is having suicidal thoughts. We assume that her brain has low levels of
A) endorphins. B) serotonin. C) glutamate. D) adrenaline. E) nitric oxide.
Dennis is an anesthesiologist. Before a patient experiences surgery, Dennis administers an opiate to numb the pain. The opiate works
by mimicking the effects of the neurochemical substance called
A) norepinephrine. B) endorphin. C) acetylcholine. D) dopamine. E) glutamate.
Vera has developed Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder. Therefore, Vera's ______ is malfunctioning due to ______ .
A)
glutamate; over-stimulation
D)
GABA; over-stimulation
B)
dopamine; degeneration
E)
acetylcholine; degeneration
C)
norepinephrine; degeneration
Yoon always feels tired during her afternoon classes. You tell Yoon that she should avoid eating high-carbohydrate lunches, because
they increase the levels of _____ in her brain, and that causes her to feel sleepy.
A) acetylcholine B) glutamate C) endorphins D) dopamine E) serotonin
___ 121. Donald is seventy years old. For the past few years, he has developed a memory loss that is getting worse, and his personality has become very
erratic. His doctors say he has Alzheimer's disease, but you aren't sure. What finding should most convince you that the doctors are right?
A)
A loss of GABA neurons in Donald's brain
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B)
An absence of myelin in Donald's brain
C)
A loss of acetylcholine neurons in Donald's brain
D)
Below normal levels of norepinephrine in Donald's brain
E)
An excess of dopamine in Donald's brain
___ 122. Dr. Chen's patient describes her main symptoms: sleeplessness and mood difficulties. Dr. Chen suspects that a neurotransmitter is malfunctioning.
Which neurotransmitter should he look at?
A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) ACTH E) GABA
___ 123. Dr. Wiancek was on duty in the Emergency Room when a brain trauma patient arrived. To try to prevent permanent brain damage, Dr. Wiancek
injected the patient with the neurotransmitter called
A) glutamate. B) serotonin. C) GABA. D) norepinephrine. E) acetylcholine.
___ 124. Devin has been having trouble initiating movements lately and has also developed a tremor in his hands. He is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease
and put on medication. To help alleviate Devin's symptoms directly, the drugs would need to increase the effects of which of the following?
A) GABA B) Acetylcholine C) Serotonin D) Dopamine E) Norepinephrine
___ 125. Ving was at a nightclub looking for companionship when the bartender said, “You look like you could use a drink. Try our Mango Memory Magnifier—
guaranteed to improve your memory.” When Ving finished the drink he said, “Tastes great, but what did I just drink?” The bartender replied, “The drink
consists of several ______________ drugs.”
A) hippocampal-stimulator B) budelitic C) neuroleptic D) cytokinetic E) nootropic
___ 126. Brook is worried about her upcoming Psych 100 midterm and decides to try taking a “smart drug” or nootropic to enhance her performance on the
exam. She takes the drug, takes the test, and gets an A. Thinking critically, which of the following is the safest conclusion to draw from this anecdote?
A)
The smart drugs Brook used enhanced her memory abilities and would do the same for anyone.
B)
The smart drugs Brook used had nothing to do with her score, she was anxious about the test and studied harder.
C)
The enhanced performance due to use of the smart drug can conclusively be attributed to a placebo effect.
D)
The effects of the smart drug would require more rigorous study before any real conclusions could be drawn.
E)
The smart drugs Brook used made her a smarter, more creative, and more organized person.
___ 127. Pat has two types of sex hormones: androgens and estrogens. Pat is
A)
definitely a woman.
C)
either a woman or a man.
B)
definitely a man.
D)
more likely to be a man than a woman.
___ 128. If you had blood phobia, you would not want to apply for a job as a(n)
A) hormone. B) neurotransmitter. C) vesicle. D) axon. E) dendrite.
___ 129. Nancy Neurotransmitter and Heather Hormone were having an argument over which of them is more powerful. Defending her stance that hormones
are more powerful, Heather correctly states that neurotransmitters
A)
“can only affect cells that have special receptors—hormones can affect all cells equally!”
B)
“can only be found in the brain—hormones are found everywhere in the body!”
C)
“carry their message across the synapse—hormones are carried in the bloodstream and can affect many more cells!”
D)
“control the autonomic nervous system—hormones control the sympathetic nervous system!”
E)
are only located in the spinal cord and brain, thus having less control in the body.
___ 130. Harry the hormone and Nadia the neurotransmitter can both exert physiological effects on their target organs. Which of the following is true about
Harry and Nadia?
A)
Harry doesn't affect behavior while Nadia does.
B)
Nadia acts at a site away from where she was released, while Harry acts locally.
C)
Harry acts at a site away from where he was released, while Nadia acts locally.
D)
Nadia doesn't affect behavior while Harry does.
E)
Neither Harry nor Nadia affects behavior.
___ 131. Scientists have just discovered a new hormone that appears to have very specific effects. This specificity of effects is most likely due to
A)
a small distance between the gland and the target organs.
B)
unique receptors on the target organ.
C)
the hormone being secreted by the target organs.
D)
the hormone being active in the bloodstream.
E)
the hormone being able to bind to neurotransmitters.
___ 132. In the nervous system, neurotransmitters are the main means of communication between neurons. The main means of communication between
organs in the endocrine system is by
A) glands. B) cytokines. C) hormones. D) thalamus. E) B-cells.
___ 133. Donovan had a stroke last year and doctors were unsure whether or not he would ever fully recover. Donovan did very little physical exercise in order
to speed up his recovery, but the damaged cells in his nervous system still managed to regenerate and re-establish their network connections.
Donovan's system has a naturally high level of
A)
synaptic plasticity.
D)
autonomic restructuring.
B)
lateralization.
E)
nitric oxide.
C)
autoimmune functioning.
___ 134. Neurons are to the nervous system what ______________ are to the endocrine system.
A) hormones B) glial cells. C) target organs D) neurotransmitters E) glands
___ 135. Riley has a cold. His temperature is two degrees above normal and he feels sleepy. Riley's fever and sleepiness result from the action of
A) androgens. B) serotonin. C) norepinephrine. D) cytokines. E) progestins.
___ 136. While babysitting one night, you receive a phone call from someone who says, in a really weird voice, “I am coming to get you! I am coming to get
you!” Just then the lights in the house flicker out! As you are alone, your heart starts beating faster, you begin to perspire, your mouth feels very dry,
your body trembles, and you are covered in goose bumps. You have just experienced the
A)
fight-or-flight syndrome.
D)
automatic fear response.
B)
general adaptation syndrome.
E)
transferred excitation phenomena.
C)
startle reflex.
___ 137. You see a vicious-looking squirrel getting ready to attack you. What specific part of the nervous system would be activated to prepare you for this
fight-or-flight encounter?
A) Somatic B) Sympathetic C) Parasympathetic D) Central E) Endocrine
___ 138. Jacelyn is wandering through a national park when she sees a bear lumbering toward her. As her flight-or-fight reflexes are triggered, what hormones
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___ 139.
___ 140.
___ 141.
___ 142.
___ 143.
___ 144.
___ 145.
___ 146.
___ 147.
___ 148.
are being released in her body in response to the perceived threat?
A)
Melatonin and progesterone
D)
Insulin and corticosteroids
B)
ACTH and cortisol
E)
Androgen and estrogen
C)
Estradiol and testosterone
Overall regulation of the endocrine system is accomplished
A)
by enzymatic breakdown of hormones in the bloodstream.
B)
by the work of glial cells.
C)
under direct cortical control.
D)
by the innervation of the glands by the peripheral nervous system.
E)
through a system of feedback loops.
When your body needs food, it sends messages that make you hungry. When your body is “full,” it sends messages that make you stop eating. This is
an example of
A)
an associational relationship.
D)
the fight-or-flight syndrome.
B)
lateralization.
E)
generalized arousal.
C)
a negative feedback system.
In much the same way that a home security system monitors your house, your ______________ system monitors the internal state of your body and
detects unwanted cells and toxic substances that may invade your body.
A) endocrine B) nervous C) limbic D) autonomic E) immune
Troy wants to improve the efficiency of his immune system. Unfortunately, he does such a good job that normal cells of his body are now being
attacked. This will probably result in Troy's developing a(n)
A)
autoimmune disorder.
B)
electrochemical deficiency.
C)
learned suppression of immune system functioning.
D)
fight-or-flight response.
E)
generalized adaptation syndrome.
Marilu has a bad cold. Her symptoms, such as sleepiness and fever, are a result of
A)
chemicals released by her immune cells.
B)
hormones released by her endocrine system.
C)
an autoimmune disorder.
D)
a negative feedback system.
E)
degeneration of myelin along neural pathways.
Imran has sustained damage to his thymus and spleen. As a result, his ______________ system is unable to generate new cells.
A) somatic nervous B) limbic C) endocrine D) autonomic nervous E) immune
AIDS is associated with a(n) ______________ immune system; whereas in autoimmune disorders cells of the immune system ______________ cells
of the body.
A)
underactive; are attacked by normal
D)
negative feedback; attack normal
B)
overactive; are attacked by normal
E)
overactive; attack normal
C)
underactive; attack normal
Ngoc was constantly worried about the ability of his immune system to fight off invading bacteria or malignant tumors. So he was shocked when he
found out that his immune system could become overzealous and attack normal cells of the body and brain. “Great,” he mumbled. “Now I have to
worry about ______________ too!”
A)
the fight-or-flight syndrome
D)
the endocrine system
B)
a negative feedback system
E)
autoimmune disorders
C)
cytokines
The immune system and nervous system interact in many ways. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A)
Both systems produce similar substances.
B)
Immune responses can alter neurotransmitters in the brain.
C)
Both systems depend on the thymus to function properly.
D)
Immune responses can change the electrical activity of the brain.
E)
Glial cells can help repair damaged neurons by releasing “immune messengers.”
Which of the following best characterizes differences between the nervous and endocrine systems?
A)
Hormones and neurotransmitters are two distinct groups of chemicals that do not overlap.
Neurons can stimulate cells with which they have no direct contact, while endocrine organs cannot.
B)
C)
D)
E)
The endocrine system transmits signals through the circulatory system, while the nervous system does not.
Receptors are not necessary for cells to respond to hormones, but receptors are necessary for neurons to respond to neurotransmitters.
Both hormones and neurotransmitters are released into the synapses between neurons.
Essays
149. Dr. S. White is currently working with seven patients. Each patient has abnormally high production of a neurotransmitter, and for each
patient it is a different neurotransmitter that is affected. Dr. White wants to write up her research using nicknames to hide the true identities
of her patients. Choose an appropriate nickname for each patient. Be sure to explain why the nickname is appropriate, as well as the
symptoms one would expect to see in that patient.
150. Compare and contrast the functions and characteristics of the endocrine system.
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