Download The Dawn of Civilization

The Dawn of Civilization
• Prehistory to AD 300
•1. The Beginnings of Civilization – Prehistory to 1000 BC
•2. The Ancient Near East – 4000 BC – 550 BC
•3. The Nile Civilizations – 5000 BC – AD 300
•4. Ancient India and China 2500 BC – 250 BC
5000BC-AD300
Ancient Nile Civilizations
•5000 BC to Ad 300
•1. The Kingdom of Egypt
•2. Egyptian Culture
•3. The Nubian Kingdoms
•It is known as the site of one of the world’s
earliest civilizations
•The land of the pyramids and pharaohs
5000BC-AD300
1. A View of Egypt by
Satellite
•Most important physical feature in Egypt
•The longest river in the world going through the largest
desert in the world
5000BC-AD300
The Annual Flooding of the Nile-
•The Nile River floods every year
•Spring rains feed the river’s sources south of Egypt
•The flood lands cover the surrounding land with a rich black silt
5000BC-AD300
The Fertile Nile Valley
•Egyptian’s name for
the country - the
Black land
•Delta-area at the mouth of
the river made up of silk
deposits
5000BC-AD300
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
•Shadufs - A Machine that early Egyptians used to Move Water
5000BC-AD300
2. Ancient Egyptian History
Periods
Nile Culture Begins
Archaic
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Late Period
Greek Ptolemaic
Era
Roman Period
Time Frame
3900 B. C. E.
3100 – 2650 B. C.
2650 – 2134 B. C.
2040 – 1640 B. C.
1550 – 1070 B. C.
E.
E.
E.
E.
750 – 332 B. C. E.
332 – 30 B. C. E.
30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
5000BC-AD300
Menes:
•The two kingdoms of Egypt
were unified under a ruler
named Menes
•founded the city of
Memphis, capital of Egypt
•adopted the symbols of
Upper and Lower Egypt - the
cobra and the vulture
•wore a red and white crown
to symbolize unification
c. 3050 B. C.
5000BC-AD300
The Old Kingdom
•Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
•rise of the Third Dynasty 2650 BC
marked the beginning of the Old
Kingdom, lasting about 500 years
•The most famous symbols of Old
Kingdom are the pyramids
•pyramids were built as tombs for
Egypt’s rulers
•“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
5000BC-AD300
Giza Pyramid Complex
•The largest and most famous of the
Old Kingdom pyramids are located in
the town Giza
•Inside or below each pyramid was a
hollow chamber in which a dead king
was buried
5000BC-AD300
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
King Tut during
the New Kingdom
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. E.
Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
He created the
largest empire
Egypt had seen
Regarded as Egypt’s
greatest, most
celebrated, and most
powerful pharaoh
•Pharaohs - “great
house” absolute
power- human god
5000BC-AD300
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
•Pharaohs at the top
•Viziers - government
officials responsible for
advising the pharaoh,
carrying out orders, and
trying court cases
•below viziers - hundreds
of lesser officials
•below them nobles
Bureaucracy-a highly structured organization
5000BC-AD300
Egyptian Priestly Class
•Because the pharaoh
was thought to be a
god, religion and
government were
closely intertwined in
the Old Kingdom
•Egypt was a
theocracy, a state
ruled by religious
figures
Egyptian Nobility
•Power local nobles
began to assert their
own authority as rivals
to the pharaoh
•As a result, Egypt’s
internal order and
stability gradually
disappeared
5000BC-AD300
The Middle Kingdom
•Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom
eventually lost power due to
economic problems, invasions, and
civil wars with their noble class.
•Famine and widespread added to
the chaos
•New dynasty came to power, the
Middle Kingdom 2055
•Middle Kingdom pharaohs
encouraged sailing and trading with
foreign lands
•Despite improvements made, the
Middle Kingdom fell to raiders from
Syria
5000BC-AD300
5000BC-AD300
The New Kingdom
•The Hykos, Raiders from Syria, invaded
the Nile Delta and conquered Lower
Egypt
•Ruled Egypt for 100 years; eventually
Egypt drove them out
•New Kingdom pharaohs decided to build
militaries to protect Egypt from foreign
invasion
Hatshepsut
5000BC-AD300
•Hatshepsut-best
known for
encouraging trade
- her trading
expeditions are
carved on her
walls of her
temple
•One of the few
women to control
Egypt
•She wanted to be
treated like a
pharaoh, so she
dressed like a man
•Part human part
lion
5000BC-AD300
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
•Egyptians had been worshipping many gods for centuries
•Amenhotep IV- believed in one god- Aten-the god of the
sun
1352-1336 B.
C. E.
•He banned the worship of any god but Aten; built new
capital Akhetan
•Did not last long - King Tut restored polytheism and
moved kingdom back to Thebes
King Tutankhamon
5000BC-AD300
•King Tut served as a pharaoh in the New Kingdom 1336-1327 B. C. E.
•Restored belief in the traditional gods of Egyptians
5000BC-AD300
Howard Carter
•Howard Carter 1922
•Archaeologist who discovered King Tut’s Tomb
•they discovered the jars that held the pharaoh’s organs
5000BC-AD300
King “Tut’s” Tomb
•King Tutankhamon’s
Death Mask
•Entrance to King Tut’s Tomb
5000BC-AD300
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
•The Tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamon, “King Tut” was one of the richest
archaeological discoveries ever made
•It provided historians many clues to Egyptian civilization
5000BC-AD300
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
•The tomb contained a wealth of
treasures, including a magnificent
golden coffin that held Tut’s mummy
•The tomb also had hundreds of items
for the pharaoh to enjoy the afterlife
5000BC-AD300
The Ankh
•Egyptian Hieroglyphic
character that reads Eternal
Life
•The over head represents
the Nile Delta, with the
vertical representing the
path of the river and the
east and west represents the
unification of lower and upper
Egypt
The “Cross” of Life
•Represents the passage from life to
death
5000BC-AD300
Abu Simbel:
Monument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B.
C. E.
•Pharoah Ramses II went to war against the Hittite Empire
•both claimed victory
•both armies agreed to a truce
•“Nubian Monuments”-built to commemorate Battle of Kadesh
5000BC-AD300
Queen Nefertiti
•As a sign of peace, he married the Princess of the Hittites
•Wife of Pharoah Ramesses II in the 13th Century BC
•Ramses the Great ruled for 60 years. He built more temples and
monuments than other other pharaoh
5000BC-AD300
Egyptian Creation Myth
The Goddess Nut-Personifies Moisture
5000BC-AD300
King
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Wife
and
Sister
son
•Osiris-king and judge
of the dead
•He introduced
civilization to Egypt
• Isis -Goddess of Nature
and Women
•Soon after, he was
killed by his brother,
Seth, who cut the god’s
body into pieces that
he scattered around
Egypt
•child of Osiris who
•She sought out the pieces,
sought revenge on his
reassembled them, and brought
uncle Seth
him back to life
•Horus -God of the sky
The Final Judgement
Anubis
Horus
5000BC-AD300
Osiris
°Anubis was a judge of the dead and the protector of ceremonies and of
mummy makers.
°Osiris became the new judge and replaced Anubis
5000BC-AD300
Preparations for the Underworld
Priests protected your KA, or soul
spirit
•Head of a Jackal
•ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s
heart against a feather.
°Egyptians believed that when the
physical being died, a force called
the ka escaped
°Believed that the ka might vanish if
the body was not preserved mummification
•He weighed the souls of the dead
to decide their fate
•Those who had light souls were
good in life and were rewarded;
those who had heavy souls were
evil and were fed to a terrible
monster
5000BC-AD300
Preparation for the Afterlife
•The process Egyptians developed
for the breakdown of a dead body
•Early on, only pharaohs and
members of royal family could be
mummified
•Later, the process was made
available to anyone who could
afford it
5000BC-AD300
Materials Used in Mummification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linen 6. Natron
Sawdust 7. Onion
Lichen 8. Nile Mud
Beeswax 9. Linen Pads
Resin 10. Frankinsense
°First step - remove organs (except the heart)
°the body was packed with materials to keep shape
°Then it was wrapped and artists painted the dead
person’s features on the outside of the mummy itself or
on a mask
5000BC-AD300
Journey to the Underworld
•A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead
pharaoh in his tomb
•The dead travel on the
“Solar Bark.”
5000BC-AD300
Egyptian Book of the Dead
• A collection of hymns, spells, and instructions
•Allows the deceased to pass into the afterlife
Shabtis
5000BC-AD300
•Shabtis -The Pharaoh’s Servants in the
Afterlife
•Dead Egyptians were buried with all the
possessions they need in the afterlife
•Besides treasures, dead pharaohs needed
people to serve them
•Royal tombs were filled with statues of
servants that the Egyptians thought would come
to life to serve the pharaoh’s ka.
5000BC-AD300
Egyptian Mummies
•Seti I
1291-1278 B. C. E.
•Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C. E.
•Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
5000BC-AD300
The Valley of the Kings
• valley in Egypt where Egyptian kings were
buried in tombs
5000BC-AD300
The Valley of the Queens
•1473-1458 B. C.
•Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
5000BC-AD300
Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life
°Egyptian family life varied
widely from class to class
°Father at head of household
°men did most of the manual
labor
5000BC-AD300
Ancient Egyptian Housing
•Middle Class Homes
•These included the artisans,
craftspeople, and the merchants
•made and sold the goods sold to
other lands
•lived in brick homes with rooms
•Peasant Homes
•largest part of Egyptian
society (90%)
•spent most of the time
in the field
•could be recruited to
work on pyramids
•lived in tiny huts
5000BC-AD300
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
Perfume
°Women worked outside
the home
°had more rights than
women in other societies
°Women primary role take care of children
°Men and women wore
perfume and makeup
Whigs
Mirror
Egyptian Scribe
5000BC-AD300
°The best way to gain social
status was to become a scribe
°Scribes ability to read and
write made them highly sought
after
°Composed and copied religious
texts, collected taxes, and kept
public records
5000BC-AD300
Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”
•Egyptians were prolific writers
•They recorded the events of their society in great detail
•System that uses picture symbols to represent objects, sounds,
ideas
•one of the world’s first writing systems
5000BC-AD300
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”
24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
5000BC-AD300
Papyrus Paper
•Hieratic Scroll Piece
•Papyrus Plant-grew along the
Nile and provided an excellent
writing service
•Because of Egypt’s dry
climate, papyrus did not
compose and is still readable
5000BC-AD300
Egyptian Math & Craftsmanship
1
10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
°Interested in Math
and Science
°Used subjects to
improve their lives
°understood basic
principles of
arithmetic and
geometry
5000BC-AD300
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
•Champollion deciphered the Stone,
which gave us modern understanding
of hieroglyphic writing
•long passages of ancient writings
•same text written in three
different scripts: hieroglyphics,
demotic, and ancient Greek
•unlocked the secrets needed to
translate Egyptian hieroglyphics
5000BC-AD300
Who Are These Strange People?
•The reign of Ramses marked the end of Egypt’s greatness
•Challenges came in the form of foreign powers
•first of the major invasions was the Sea Peoples
•No one is sure who the Sea People were, but their invasions did bring an
end to the Hittite Empire and Egypt
5000BC-AD300
Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
•The end of the New Kingdom!