Download High Chopper Frequency Drive of Wound Rotor Induction Motor

High Chopper Frequency Drive of Wound Rotor Induction Motor With a Resistively
Loaded Rotor Chopper
Hilmi Fadhil Amin
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Electrical Enginnering Department
hilmi_fadhil @yahoo.com
ABSTACT
This paper deals the simulation of variable speed drives using wound rotor induction motor, controlled by
variation of an external rotor resistance by a parallel electronic chopper. A through analysis of the steady
state performance of the system is presented, with low value of filter in rotor side. The effect of chopper
frequency and duty cycle on the rotor rectified current ripple current, rotor phase current and torque
developed are investigated. The simulink MATLAB toolbox is used to simulate the response of the drive
performance. The high chopper frequency tend to improvement the performance of wound rotor induction
motor drive system such as, rotor rectified current, rotor phase current, speed smoothing with reducing
the torque pulsation and ripple of rotor rectified current.
Keywords: Chopper frequency, ripple, rotor rectified current, duty cycle, wound
motor.
rotor induction
1-Introduction:
Induction motors are a constant speed machine which account for 90% of the electrical drive used in
industry. Induction motors are usually constructed to work with a small value of slip, normally less than
5% at full load. Therefore the deviation of the motor speed from the synchronous speed is practically very
small. However, there are certain applications that requires enormous variation of the motor speed[1].
With the increase in availability of high current power electronic devices, smooth and quick variation of
external resistance introduced in the rotor circuit of wound rotor induction motor to control its speed, can
be accomplished electronically. Schemes employing chopper controlled resistance can be used to obtain a
constant torque, constant speed or any desired characteristics by using a proper feedback circuit along with
it. Such circuits are widely used in industrial application where the drive operation is intermittent such as,
hoists, cranes, conveyers, lifts, excavators and high starting torque are more important with low starting
current to avoid voltage dip.
The wound rotor induction motor(WRIM) offers a lot of flexibility for wide range of speed control
compared to squirrel cage motor[2,3]. The torque depends on motor resistance. Therefore, increasing the
rotor resistance will at a constant torque causes a proportionate increase in the motor slip with a result
decrease in rotor speed. Thus, the speed for a given load torque may be varied by varying the rotor
resistance. The function of this resistance is to introduce voltage at rotor frequency, which oppose the
voltage induced in rotor winding.
The main demerit of this method of control is that energy is dissipated in rotor circuit resistance, internal
and external, and this energy is wasted in the form of heat. Because of the waste-fullness of this method, it
is used where speed change are needed for short duration only[4,5]. With the recent progress in power
semiconductor technology, these undesirable features of the conventional rheostat control scheme
can be eliminated by using a three phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier and a chopper controlled external
resistance as shown in fig.(1). Where fr is the rotor frequency, fch is the chopper frequency and Rx is the
external resistance. The rectifier bridge acts as an electronic frequency changer (EFC), so that the
machine will chiefly see the effect of EFC switching at rotor frequency. With the high frequency
switching effects of the chopper, which is a power switch electronically monitored by a control module.
This system consequently lose the capacity to control rotor current waveform by pulse width modulation
of ES [4].
In this paper the effect of chopper frequency, duty cycle on the rotor current, rotor rectifier current, speed
and torque pulsation are investigated. Then, simulation results are presented and compared with
theoretical concepts.
2-Analysis and Derivation of Open Loop Chopper Circuit Models:
The conventional resistance control scheme can be eliminated by using a three phase rectifier bridge and
chopper controlled external resistance as shown in fig.(2). A chopper is a power switch electronically
monitored by a control circuit. When the chopper is in the “on” mode the equivalent external resistance
Req in the rotor circuit is Rf, where Rf is smoothing inductor filter resistance. When the chopper is in the
“off” mode, the equivalent external resistance in the rotor circuit is (Rf +Rx). If the chopper is periodically
regulated so that, in each chopper period, it is “on” for the some time but is “off” for the rest. It is possible
to obtain variation of equivalent resistance Req between Rf and (Rf +RX). Thus the chopper electronically
alter the external resistance Rx in continuos and contact less manner.
Fig.(1) Fundamental structure of electronic rotor cascade
consisting of WRIM, rotor , rectifier and resistively loaded.
Fig.(2) Block diagram of chopper circuit
Exact analysis is tedious, involving the phasor calculation for motor fundamental and harmonic quantities
and step by step analysis of nonlinearities in the rectifier-chopper circuit [6,7]. The simple classical
relation
of
rotor
rms
current
and
rotor
rectified
current
Idc
obtains:
3
I dc =
Ir
...(1)
2
When Idc is the average value of the rectified rotor current and Ir is the rotor rms phase current. The power
losses in stator and rotor resistance for all three phase Idc2 (sR1 + R2 ) in dc side. Because of leakage
reactance of rotor and stator in motor winding there is a voltage reduction of 3ω( l 1 + l 2 )/π from the
terminal voltage of rectifier voltage. Fig.(3) gives a chopper circuit current waveform. The system may be
represented by the dc circuit model as shown in fig.(4), where Tch is the chopper period.
Fig.(3) Rectifier chopper current waveform.
Fig.(4) Dc Equivalent circuit.
Where E is the average value of rectified rotor voltage at standstill, E2 is the rotor phase voltage and
( l 1 + l 2 ) is the total leakage inductance per phase referred to the rotor.
E =
3 6
π
E2
...( 2 )
For the chopper circuit waveforms in fig.(3), let t1 is on-period, t2 is off period, neglecting the voltage drop
due to the commutation over lap of diode bridge, current during “on” mode is given by;
i1 = I 1 (1 − exp .
−
t
τ on
) + i01 exp .
−
t
τ on
...(3) and during “off” mode, i2 = I 2 (1 − exp .
−
t
τ off
) + i02 exp .
−
t
τ off
...(4)
Where τ on =
L f + 2( l 1 + l 2 )
R f + 2sR1 + 2 R2
, τ 0 ff =
sE
Lf + 2(l 1 + l 2 )
sE
, I1 =
& I2 =
R f + 2sR1 + 2 R2 + Rx
Rf + 2sR1 + 2R2 + Rx
Rf +2sR1 +2R2
The i01 and i02 are initial values of current for “on” and “off’ mode, respectively. If the chopper frequency
is very high with low value of smoothing inductor such that[8];
t1
t2
sE
<< 1 and
<<1
...(5) It can be shown that[9]; I =
...( 6 )
τ on
τ off
Therefore the equivalent resistance, Req = R x
dc
( R f + 2 sR 1 + 2 R 2 ) +
t2
t2
τ ch
Rx
...(7)
τ ch
This equation show that Req is proportional to the off period of the chopper circuit. This is show the
external resistance in the rotor circuit can be varied by controlling the duty cycle (D) of the chopper
period. If the duty cycle D=t1/Tch, then the eq.(7) may be written as Req = Rx(1-D). The rotor copper
losses is given by; spg = sEIdc –2sR1Irms2
…(8)
Where pg is air gap power Irms is rms value of Idc. If the chopper frequency is high, then Idc≅Irms, therefore;
spg = sEIdc –2sR1Idc2 ,Then the developed torque(T) in N.m ;
T= spg/sωs =(E-2R1Idc)Idc/ωs
…(9)
Neglecting the voltage drop across the stator resistance(R1), the eq.(9) used to obtain torque for various
slip for different on-off times.
T=E Idc/ ωs
…(10)
Referring to fig.(3), using the high switch power transistor such as SIT,IGBT and power MOSFET for
chopper switching permit a high chopper frequency, with reducing of smoothing inductor;
/∆I/ = /i01 – i02/ << Idc
…(11)
For low value of smoothing inductor the above equation is satisfied if (fch>>fr). Higher the chopper
frequency, lower the ripple in the rotor rectified current and consequently the torque ripple. Also high
values of fch are required to avoid any interaction between the chopper frequency and the output frequency
of rectifier for all slip values. According to maximum peak-to-peak ripple in rotor rectified current, can be
approximated to (E/4fchL)[10]. The smoothing inductor (1mH) is used, but with high chopper frequency
to compensate the minimal value of smoothing inductor. Eliminating or reducing the smoothing inductor
reduce the volume and then the cost of system drives. The minimum value of external resistance Rx, 50Ω
is used, which gives the required operation in the speed torque characteristics to half of full load speed.
3-Performance Characteristics:
Torque –speed characteristics
To investigate the effects of the chopper frequency, a 1.5 hp, 380 volt, 4 pole, 50Hz, WRIM was used for
calculation and investigation of results. The computed torque speed curve for different frequencies with
the duty cycle fixed at 0.8 and 0.5 are shown in fig.(5 & 6) respectively. At high chopper frequency (fch
>10kHz) with 0.8 duty cycle, torque speed curve give essentially the same results. But for 0.5 duty cycle
give the approximately the same results at chopper frequency greater than 1kHz.
Fig.(5) Torque Speed characteristics for 0.8 duty cycle at
different chopper frequency.
Fig.(6) Torque Speed characteristics for 0.5 duty cycle at
different chopper frequency
Rotor rectified current
The low value of smoothing inductor was used. Though, as in other similar applications, the presence of
inductance will have reduced the fluctuations in current. The dc link current waveforms shows very
clearly the ripple components at six times rotor frequency. The computed rotor chopper current for 0.8 and
0.5 duty cycle are shown in fig.(7& 8) respectively. Increasing the chopper frequency, the ripple in rotor
rectified current decreases. Fig.(9&10) show the ripple in rotor rectified current against speed for 0.8 and
0.5 duty cycle at different value of chopper frequency. Fig.(11a&11b) show the ripple in rotor rectified
current against duty cycle for rotor speed 1350rpm and 1425rpm respectively. Fig.(12a&12b) show the
variation of ripple in rotor rectified current against chopper frequency at 0.8 and 0.5 duty cycle
respectively. Fig.(13a&13b) show the rotor rectified current response at normal operation of 0.8 duty
cycle for 1kHz and 50Hz chopper frequency respectively. The variation in rotor rectified current from
minimum to maximum current level is larger in 50Hz chopper frequency.
Fig.(7) Rotor chopper current against
motor speed at 0.8 duty cycle.
Fig.(10) Ripple in rotor rectified current
against motor speed at 0.5 duty cycle.
Fig.(8) Rotor chopper current against
motor speed at 0.5 duty cycle.
Fig.(9) Ripple in rotor rectified current
against motor speed at 0.8 duty cycle.
Fig.(11) Ripple in rotor rectified current against duty cycle
a- at 1425rpm,
b- at 1325rpm
Fig.(12) Ripple in rotor rectified current against chopper
frequency a- at D= 0.8
b- at D= 0.5
Fig.(13) Rotor rectified current response at 0.8 duty
cycle a- fch =1kHz
b-fch = 50Hz
Rotor Phase Current
The rotor current is approximately composed of alternating square pulse of (2π/3) duration. Due to the
leakage reactance of rotor and stator windings, the commutation of current between diodes in the rectifier
bridge is no longer instantaneous. There is a period of current overlap where by two phase carry current
simultaneously. Fig.(14a&14b) show the rotor phase current response at normal operation at 0.8 and 0.5
respectively for 1kHz chopper frequency. Fig.(15a&15b) show the rotor phase current response at normal
operation at 0.8 and 0.5 respectively for 50Hz chopper frequency.
Speed and Torque Performance
The rotor speed of WRIM is affected by a chopper frequency and duty cycle. Fig.(16a&16b) show the
steady state speed response at 0.8 duty cycle for 1kHz and 50Hz chopper frequency respectively. Also
Fig.(17a&17b) show the electromagnetic torque response at 0.8 duty cycle for 1kHz and 50Hz chopper
frequency respectively.
Fig(14)Rotor current at
fch=1kHz, a- D=0.8, b-D=0.5
Fig(15) Rotor current at
fch=50Hz, a- D=0.8, b-D=0.5
Fig.(16)Rotor speed at D=0.8,
a=fch=1kHz, b- fch=50Hz
Fig(17)Electromagnetic torque at
D=0.8, a=fch=1kHz, b- fch=50Hz
4-Conclusion:
The wound rotor induction motor offers a lot of flexibility for wide range of speed control compared to the
squirrel cage motor. With high switching ability of power electronic devices, the effect of chopper
frequency at different duty cycle of motor performance is studied. The scheme provides continuos and
contactless adjustment of rotor resistance by electronic means. The feasibility of the system and
verification of theoretical results is demonstrated. It is anticipated that such simple scheme will find
applications in many industrial drive system. The results shown that with low value of chopper frequency
may cause fluctuations in motor speed and torque pulsation. Increasing the chopper frequency decrease
the ripple in rotor rectified current, harmonic rotor current, speed variation and improvement the
electromagnetic torque waveforms.
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