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Download Honors Anatomy, Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Ohio State Virtual
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Honors Anatomy, Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Ohio State Virtual Histology Part 2: Body Tissues Intro 1. What are the four major tissue types? Epithelial covers, protects, secretes and allows transport Connective protects and transmits force Muscular contracts Nervous carries impulses Epithelial Tissue Intro Special Characteristics of Epithelium 2. What are the special characteristics of epithelial tissue? Highly cellular Polarity: apical surface = top Bottom bound to basement membrane Avascular = no blood vessels Regenerate easily Classification of Epithelium Intro 3. What two characteristics are used to classify epithelia? Number of layers Simple is 1 cell layer thick Stratified is > 1 cell layer thick Shape of the cells Squamous are flat with flat nuclei Cuboidal are boxy with round nuclei Columnar are tall with stretched nuclei 4. How are the structures of simple and stratified epithelia suited for their functions? Simple are thin for absorption, secretion and filtration Stratified are thick for protection 5. Exemplify and sketch each of the major types of epithelia. Simple Epithelia Simple Squamous Line the air sacs in the lungs, kidney glomeruli, capillary walls Simple Cuboidal Kidney tubule, pancreatic ducts, sweat glands Simple Columnar Line the digestive tract interspersed with goblet cells Pseudostratified Columnar Nuclei are staggered; only looks stratified Ciliated form lines the respiratory tract Stratified Epithelia Stratified Squamous Cells get more squamous as the mature Epidermis and the lining of the mouth Stratified Cuboidal Also in sweat glands, salivary gland ducts Transitional Stretchable: rounded cells when relaxed Lines bladder and ureters Glandular Epithelium 6. Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands. Both Made up of >1 cells Usually secrete an aqueous solution of proteins Endocrine Ductless; secrete directly into the blood Ex.: thyroid, adrenals, pituitary Exocrine Secrete through a duct to the epithelium surface Ex.: sweat, sebaceous, salivary, mammary Connective tissue Intro Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue 7. List and describe common characteristics of connective tissue. Variable blood supply Cartilage and tendon have a poor supply Bone has a good supply Often with a large amount of extracellular matrix Most of tendon is extracellular collagen fibers Blood has soluble fibers stored in the plasma Bone has mineralized protein between the cells Adipose has little matrix 8. How is vascular supply related to the healing abilities of connective tissues? Blood vessels deliver required materials Contrast Tendon: poor blood supply, heal poorly Bone: rich blood supply, heal well Types of Connective Tissue 9. Briefly describe the major types of connective tissue. Bone Mineralized protein matrix Cells in spaces called lacunae Cartilage Protein matrix with reinforced various fibers Hyaline is rubbery and smooth Elastic is the most flexible Fibrocartilage resists the most stress Dense Greatest amount of collagen fibers Tendons, ligaments and dermis Loose Areolar Watery layer right under epidermis Adipose Cells storing fat in large vacuoles Reticular Webbing reinforcing large organs like the lungs Blood Soluble fibrinogen makes fibers during blood clotting Muscle Tissue Intro 10. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle In general, voluntary Striated because of aligned myofibrils Long and multinucleate Pull on bones or skin Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Uninucleate Cells connected end-to-end by intercalated disks Smooth Muscle Involuntary Uninucleate and spindle-shaped Found in walls of blood vessels, bladder, digestive organs Nervous Tissue 11. What types of cells make up nervous tissue? Neurons conduct impulses Supporting cells insulate, support, and protect Tissue Repair 12. Contrast regeneration and fibrosis. Regeneration Replaces damaged tissue with the original type of cell Ex.: epidermis Fibrosis Heals by laying down dense connective (scar) tissue Ex.: dermis 13. Describe the phases of tissue repair. Capillaries become permeable Delivers clotting proteins, nutrients, white blood cells Removes debris Blood clot forms Blocks blood loss Holds edges of wound together Isolates area so bacteria can’t spread Granulation tissue forms Bright pink because of budding capillaries Reestablishes blood supply Delivers repairing cells Epithelium regenerates underneath the scab Developmental Aspects of cells and Tissues 14. Explain the significance of the fact that some tissue types (muscle and nerve) are largely amitotic after the growth stages are over. Amitotic = don’t divide after they mature Cannot be replaced if damaged Examples Cardiac muscle cells Neurons Honors Anatomy, Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes Intro Classification of Body Membranes Intro 15. Differentiate epithelial and connective tissue membranes. Epithelial are an epithelial sheet over connective tissue Connective tissue membranes have no epithelium Epithelial Membranes Intro 16. How do the different epithelial membranes function? Cutaneous Membrane = skin Epidermis seals up the body from water loss and invasion Dermis gives mechanical protection and nourishes the epidermis Mucous Membranes Lines body cavities open to the outside All are moist and adapted for absorption or secretion Serous Membranes Line body cavities not open to outside Simple squamous epithelium + loose connective tissue Parietal covers the wall, visceral covers the organs Provide fluid that lubricates organ movements Connective Tissue Membranes 17. How do connective tissue membranes help the functioning of joints? = synovial membranes associated with joints Line and lubricate joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths Integumentary System (Skin) Intro Basic Skin Functions 18. List the important skin functions and the responsible skin components. Protects from mechanical damage Epidermis stratified squamous for scrapes Dermis dense fibrous for penetration Adipose in hypodermis cushions Protects from chemical damage Keratinized epidermis makes skin impermeable to water solutions Protect from bacterial and viral damage Epidermis keeps out bacteria and viruses Acid mantle of sweat inhibits bacteria Phagocytes in dermis attack bacteria that get through Mast cells in dermis can trigger inflammation Protect from UV Absorbed by melanin produced by melanocytes Protect from thermal damage Heat and pain receptors Protect from desiccation (drying out) Stratified squamous seals water in Temperature regulation Sweat glands in dermis Capillaries in dermis can open up or close up Excretion of urea and uric acid Sweat glands Synthesizes vitamin D Skin cells Blood reservoir Capillaries close up when more blood is required Communication Blushing Structure of the Skin Intro 19. Differentiate the basic structures of the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Epidermis Stratified squamous Nerve receptors Melanocytes Dermis Areolar connective tissue Dense fibrous connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (= hypodermis) Adipose Epidermis 20. Describe the layers of the epidermis. Bottom = stratum basale Where the cells divide Has melanocytes, pigmented cells Going up Layers: spinosum, granulosum, lucidum Become filled with keratin Uppermost = corneum Thickest Dead cells 21. How do melanocytes produce and distribute pigment? Sunlight stimulates melanocytes Melanin granules made and moved to ends of processes Phagocytized by keratinocytes Arranged to shield the nucleus Dermis 22. Differentiate the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. Projections of dermis poke up below undulating epidermis = papillary layer Aligned to make fingerprints Also have sensory receptors Below is the reticular layer Collagen and elastic fibers provide toughness Blood vessels and sensory receptors 23. How are the lines of tension in the skin used in surgery? Lines of tension are the dominant direction of fibers Cut parallel to minimize gaping and promote healing Skin Color 24. What pigments contribute to skin color? Brown melanin Yellow-orange carotene Pink oxygenated hemoglobin 25. What colors are described in medical settings? Cyanosis = blue from lack of oxygen Erythema = redness from blushing, fever, allergy Pallor or blanching from stress, anemia, low blood pressure Jaundice = yellowing from impaired liver function Black and blue = hematoma from damage to vessels and release of blood Appendages of the Skin Intro Cutaneous Glands 26. Differentiate the functions of sebaceous and sweat glands. Intro Sebaceous Glands Oil glands Lubricates and protects hair and skin Sweat Glands Eccrine Clear salty fluid with some metabolic wastes Used for thermoregulation Apocrine Found in armpits Produce sweat with fatty acids and proteins Begin functioning at puberty Hairs and Hair Follicles 27. Differentiate the hair shaft, root and bulb. Shaft extends above the skin Root is below the surface inside the follicle Bulb at the bottom of the root 27. How do the shafts of curly hair differ from those of straight hair? Curly: shaft is flat and ribbon-like Straight: shaft is round 28. How do goose bumps form? An arrector pili muscle is attached to each follicle Various stimuli cause contraction, raise hair Nails 29. What gives rise to finger and toenails? Derived from epidermis Nail bed is an extension of the stratum basale Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Intro Infections and Allergies 30. Describe common infections and allergies of skin. Athlete’s foot: fungus causes redness and peeling Boils: inflamed hair follicles and sebaceous glands Cold sores Herpes simplex infection Small blisters triggered by fever, upset, UV Contact dermatitis: allergy; itching, redness, blistering Impetigo: staph infection; pink raised lesions Psoriasis: immune reaction causes overgrowth; red, raised Burns 31. Differentiate first-, second- and third-degree burns. First Redness, pain Only affects epidermis Second With blistering Affects epidermis and upper dermis No scarring unless infected Third Epidermis and dermis gone or charred black May be white from exposed dense fibrous tissue Causes of death Fluid loss circulatory system collapse Infection Skin Cancer Intro 32. What are the symptoms and significances of the various skin cancers? Basal Cell Carcinoma Most common, least malignant Shiny, dome-shaped nodules with beaded edges Squamous cell Carcinoma Scaly, reddened bumps Can spread rapidly Malignant Melanoma Least common, most deadly Caused by UV radiation 33. How is the ABCD rule applied to the recognition of melanoma? A: asymmetrical B: irregular borders C: multicolored D. diameter > 6 mm Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes 34. How does sunlight affect skin? Causes mutation cancer Breaks down elastic fibers leathery, wrinkled, sagging skin Bone Growth and Remodeling 35. Differentiate the development of long bones and flat bones. Long bones First formed as hyaline cartilage Growth longer at epiphyseal plates between shaft and end Plates are made of hyaline cartilage Move outward as bone grows longer New cartilage is added away from the center of the bone Cartilage turns to bone toward the center Flat bones are first formed as fibrous membranes 36. Order the four stages of bone healing. Hematoma forms at break: clotted blood Fibrocartilage callus Bony callous: thick bone tissue Remodeling Bone tissue laid down where stresses are greatest Removed where stresses are least
