Download Intel Architecture 32

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Computer Engineering Dept.
‫ بســام كحـالــه‬.‫د‬
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh
Princess Sumaya Univ.
Computer Engineering Dept.
Chapter 2:
Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Intel Processors History
Year
Microprocessor
Address Bits
Data Bits
Transistors
1971
4004
12
4
2,300
1974
8080
16
8
6,000
1978
8086
20
16/8
29,000
1982
80286
24
16/8
134,000
1985
80386
32
32/16/8
275,000
1989
80486
32
32/16/8
1,200,000
1992
Pentium
32
32/16/8
3,100,000
1995
Pentium Pro
32
32/16/8
5,500,000
1997
Pentium II
32
32/16/8
7,500,000
1999
Pentium III
32
32/16/8
9,500,000
2001
Pentium 4
32
32/16/8
42,000,000
2004
Pentium 4 EM64T
64
32/16/8
125,000,000
2008
Core 2 Quad
64
32/16/8
820,000,000
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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Microprocessor Architecture
Microprocessor
Address
Register File
ALU
Data
M
E
M
O
R
Y
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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Modes of Operation
 Real-Address Mode
● 20-Bit Address (1 MB Memory)
● 8/16-Bit Data
● 8/16-Bit Registers
 Protected Mode
 Virtual Mode
 System Management Mode
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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Real Mode Registers
Accumulator
Register
 8 Bits   8 Bits 
AH
AL
AX
Base
Register
BH
Count
Register
CH
Division
Register
DH
BL
BX
CL
CX
DL
DX
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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Real Mode Registers
 16 Bits
Source Index
SI
Destination
Index
DI
Base Pointer
BP
Stack Pointer
SP
Instruction
Pointer
IP

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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Real Mode Registers
 16 Bits
Code Segment
CS
Data Segment
DS
Extra Segment
ES
Stack Segment
SS

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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
Real Mode Addressing
 64 KB Segmentation
● 16-Byte Boundary Alignment
● Seg:Offset Notation
Example:
20 Bits
Segment Register
+
0000
Offset
Memory Address
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22345 – Assembly Language
Princess Sumaya University
Computer Engineering Dept.
Flags
 Status Flags
● Carry (CF)
● Overflow (OF)
● Sign (SF)
● Zero (ZF)
-
-
-
- OF DF IF TF SF ZF - AC - PF - CF
● Auxiliary Carry (AC)
● Parity (PF)
 Control Flags
● Direction, Interrupt, etc.
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22345 – Assembly Language
Princess Sumaya University
Computer Engineering Dept.
Intel 8086/8088
AH
AL
BH
BL
CH
CL
DH
DL
SI
DI
BP
SP
IP
CS
DS
ES
ALU Operations:
ADD
SUB
MUL
DIV
INC
DEC
AND
OR


SS
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Princess Sumaya University
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.
x86 Assembly Language
 Instruction Format
Mnemonic
Operands
● Mnemonic
● One or More Operands
Machine Code
Opcode Mode Operands
 Assembly Statement
● Label
● Instruction
● Comment
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Princess Sumaya University
Chapter 2
22345 – Assembly Language
Computer Engineering Dept.