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Political and Social History of CEE in 20th Century Meetimg 8. (26.10.2016) The Second World War – Czechoslovakia, Hungary. The differences between the various CE countries. Czechoslovakia 1939 13 March – Hitler demands that Slovakia declare independence 14 March – Slovak parliament declares independence 15 March – Nazi troops enter Czech territory 16 March – Hitler proclaims a decree about the forming of the “Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia” 23 March – signing of “protective treaty” between Nazi Germany and Slovakia; a secret economic agreement follows By occupying Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2.175 field canons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43.000 machine guns, 1.090.000 military rifles, 114.000 pistols, and about a billion rounds of ammunition and three millions of anti-aircraft grenades. Czech industry was made to work for Germany and some branches (metallurgy) were moved out of the coutry (Linz, Austria). 16 April – calling to life of Czechoslovak Committee in England headed by Jan Masaryk 18 April – first anti-Semitic laws in Slovakia 4 July – Nuremberg laws introduced in the Protectorate 21 July – Slovak constitution passed 3 September – Czech and Slovak legion formed in Poland 29 September – beginning of forming of Czechoslovak armed forces in France 28 October – demonstrations in Prague commemorating the independence of Czechoslovakia; one student -–J. Opletal killed 17 November – Nazi authorities close all universities; 9 students are executed; 1200 students are detained in concentration camps 17 November – Czechoslovak Committee is recognized by France 20 December – Czechoslovak Committee is recognized by Great Britain 1940 9 July – Czechoslovak temporary government formed in London; recognized by British government on 21 July 11 November – declaration of Polish and Czechoslovak governments in exile about future federation 1941 23 January – a decree of the government of Protectorate about forced labor for men between 18-50 years of age 26 June – Slovakia declares war on USSR 30 July – US recognizes Czechoslovak government in London 9 September – Slovak government issues “Jewish code” 27 September – R.Heydrich becomes the deputy Protector; on 28th he introduces Martial Law (till 19 January 1942) 16 October – first transport of Jews from Prague to ghetto in Łódź; in all approximately 78,000 Jews were murdered during the war of the 117,500 living in Czech lands before the war. 1942 25 March – first transport of Jews from Slovakia to extermination camps (999 women to Auschwitz) till October 20; resumed on September 30, 1944. In all some 70,000 Jews were deported and probably 105,000 exterminated in total, (i.e. 77% od Slovak Jews). 27 May – an assault on Heydrich (Heydrich dies on June 4th) by Czech parachute troopers dropped by London (Operation Anthropoid) 10 June – the village of Lidice wiped out (16 children survived); 173 (192) men killed; women sent to concentration and labor camps and 104 children given German families to be raised as Germans 24 June – the village of Lezaky wiped out (2 children survived) 5 August – British government considers its signature under the Munich Treaty void 29 September – the French National Front declares that it considers the Munich Treaty void from the beginning 1943 30 January – first Czechoslovak troops formed in USSR leave for the front line 12 December – Czechoslovak – Soviet Friendship Treaty signed; 13- 23 December – Benes conducts talks in Moscow December – Slovak National Council called to life 1944 29 August – beginning of the Slovak uprising 1 September – first legal meeting of the Slovak National Council in Banska Bystrica liberated by the Red Army 21 September – first Slovak city liberated by Soviet Army 26 November – the Ukrainian National Committees declare the merger with Soviet Ukraine 1945 30 January – Czechoslovak government recognizes the Polish Temporary Government 22-29 March – Czech and Slovak politicians in Moscow issue a program and list of the government of Czech and Slovak National Front 28 March – Soviet Army liberates first Czech city 4 April – forming of a new Czechoslovak government under p.m. Zdenek Fierlinger in Košice 5 April – Košice program formulated 21 April – US troops liberate first towns on Czech territory 5/6 May – uprising in Prague 10 May – Czechoslovak government arrives in Prague Hungary 1938 18 May – first anti-Semitic laws passed 21-23 August – Little Entente agree to Hungary’s equal military development 2 November – the First Vienna Award 1939 24 February – Hungary joins the AntiKomintern Pact 15 March – Hungarian Army enters Ruthenia 4 April – Slovakia cedes rest of Ruthenia to Hungary; Poland and Hungary have common border 11 April – Hungary leaves the League of Nations 4 May – second anti-Semitic laws passed 1940 30 August – Second Vienna Award – Hungary acquires northern Transylvania (43 thousand sq km; 2,5 mln people) 20 November – Hungary joins the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis 12 December – Hungary signs a treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia 1941 2/3 April – p.m. Teleki commits suicide not being able to avoid Hungarian participation in war 11 April – Hungarian army attacks Yugoslavia (5 days before Germany) – Hungary reaches pre-World War I border; in the years 1938-1941 Hungary grew by about 80 thousand sq. km 27 June – Hungary declares war on USSR 7 December – Great Britain declares war on Hungary 13 December – Hungary declares war on USA 1942 Hungary sends 200,000 soldiers to the Russian front and 100,000 occupation and logistic troops 1943 January – Hungarian Army beaten at Woronez (about 150,000 killed; 90 % of equipment lost) September – secret negotiations with the Allies 1944 19 March – German Army occupies Hungary The occupation of Hungary by German forces in March 1944 was carried out as Operation Margarethe I. Hungary was an ally of Nazi Germany, but Prime Minister Miklós Kállay, with the knowledge and approval of Regent Miklós Horthy, had been discussing an armistice with the Allies. Adolf Hitler found out about these discussions and, feeling betrayed by the Hungarians, ordered German troops to implement Operation Margarethe to capture critical Hungarian facilities. mid-April – deportation of Jewish population – by mid-July over 430 thousand Jews taken to extermination camps (mostly in Poland) May – the so-called Hungarian Front of Communists formed 24 August – all political activity banned; many Hungarians arrested 12 September – Hungarian Communist Party reactivated September – Seged program formulated (Hungarian National Front formed) 11 October – Hungary signs an armistice in Moscow 15 October – Horthy announces the withdrawal from war 22 December – General Bela Danloki Miklos’s government formed in Debrecen (coalition government accepted by Moscow) 1945 17 February – Soviet Troops enter Budapest 15 March – temporary government announces land reform 4 April – Hungary liberated by the Red Army 4 November – first post-war elections to the parliament