Download muscle-and-skeleton-notes

Name: __________________________________________
Date: _________________________
Muscular System Notes
Types of Muscles:
 Skeletal
 Control voluntary movements of the skeleton and body
 Striated
 Smooth
 Control the involuntary movements of the digestive and vascular system
 Not striated
 Cardiac
 Control the involuntary muscles of your heart
 Striated
Skeletal Muscles:
 Skeletal muscles are made up of many muscle fibers
 Those fibers are made up of many myofibrils
 Those myofibrils are made up of actin and myosin, which work together to contract and relax the
muscle
 During muscle contraction the little sticky heads on myosin filaments bind to the actin.
 When ATP (energy from cellular respiration) is added the myosin changes shape bending towards the
middle and pulling the actin fibers with it.
 This makes the muscle fiber shorten or contract.
Relaxed Muscle
Contracting Muscle
Tendons and Ligaments:
 The reason we move when our muscle contract is because they are attached to bones by tendons
 This typically happens at joints.
 Joints are where one bone meets another and movement can occur.
 Ligaments attach bone to bone, to restrict and help control our movements
Joints:
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Joints are where one bone attaches to another bone
Most joints have cartilage between them to prevent bone to bone contact and damage.
There are five different types of joints, four of which allow movement
The different joints are classified by the type of movement they allow
Immovable Joint:
 These are also referred to as fixed joints because they allow no movement
 These can be found in your skull and pelvis where the different bones fuse
together.
Ball-and-Socket:
 Joint formed by a ball at the end of one bone that fits into a cavity in the
end of another bone.
 This allows free movement in almost every direction
 Examples of these would be your shoulders and hips.
Hinge:
 Hinge joints allow back and forth movement in one direction, and a little
movement in the other direction
 The bones are held in place by tough ligaments that allow more limited
movement than the ball-and socket joint.
 Examples can be found in the elbow, knee, and knuckles of
the fingers.
Pivot:
 Pivot joints allow rotation around one point.
 The bone can twist back and forth allowing a twisting or
rotating movement
 Examples can be found in the radius in the forearm and in
neck, which allows us to turn our heads from side to side.
Saddle:
 A saddle joint is formed when the end of one bone is the mirror image of
its adjoining bone creating a saddle shape.
 The two bones meet to form an X, the saddles cradle each other.
 This allows a wide range of movement, or rocking movement in either
direction
 An example would be your thumbs.
the
Functions of the Skeletal System:
 Protect our soft internal organs
 Provide the body with support and structure
 Stores important minerals that the body needs
 Works with the muscular system to allow movement
 Make most of the blood cells for our circulatory system
Protection:
 There are 206 bones in the human bodies (at least for most of us.
o Skull (29 bones) – protects the brain and sensory organs (eyes, ears, tongue, nose)
o Spinal Column (26 bones) – protects the spinal cord
o Rib Cage (25 bones) – protects the heart and lungs, and allows us to breath by supporting the
diaphragm
o Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (64 bones) – allow movement for survival
o Pelvis, Legs, and Feet (62 bones) – allow movement for survival, so we can escape predators and
find food
Bones:
 There are four layers to your bones:
o Pariosteum – the outer layer that is thin and dense. It contains the blood vessels and nerves.
o Compact Bone – the next layer that is very smooth and hard. It is made up of round bone cells
that have blood vessels running through the center of them.
o Cancellous – the next layer down looks spongy, but is still very strong. It protects the bone
marrow.
o Bone Marrow – the inner most layer that is like a very thick jelly and makes the blood vessels
Mineral Storage:
 Bones are made up of . . .
o 30% living tissue
o 45% mineral deposits
o 25% water
 Bones store calcium and phosphorus. As the blood needs more of these minerals they are released from
the bones, but the bones need them as well to stay hard and strong.
Bone Marrow:
 There are two types of marrow:
o Red – this is the site for blood cell production. It makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets.
o Yellow – contains fatty connective tissues that can be broken down and used as energy during
starvation
Cartilage:
 Cartilage is the elastic, fibrous tissue that is flexible.
 It can be found in joints to cushion and allow smooth movements
 Some types of cartilage are used to allow flexibility, like in your ears, nose, and trachea.
 Some cartilage is meant to bear weight and squish, so the bones do not crack.
 Cartilage has no blood vessels running through it, but is still living tissue.
 As a fetus most of your skeleton is made of cartilage.
Breaking Bones:
 There are several different types of breaks or fractures depending on their severity.
 The pain is different for everyone, but usually it is a deep ache and you may feel nausea
 The best thing is to not move the area that your think might be broken. Immobilize the area and get to a
doctor.
 Your osteocytes will start producing more bone cells and eventually your break will heal
Fun Facts:
 Bones fuse with age, so when you were a baby you had about 300 bones
 Bones in the hand and feet vary, so not every one has exactly the same number of bone. It usually ranges
between 206 and 216 bones
 Half the bones in your body are in your hands and feet
 Your femur (thigh bone) is stronger than steel rod of the same size and shape
 Standing and sitting squeezes the cartilage between the discs in your spine, so you are about ½ inch
shorter at the end of the day
Name: __________________________________________
Date: _________________________
Muscular System Notes
Types of Muscles:
 Skeletal
 Control __________________________ movements of the skeleton and body
 _______________________
 Smooth
 Control the involuntary movements of the _______________________ and
_______________________ system
 ___________ striated
 Cardiac
 Control the ________________________ muscles of your __________________
 Striated
Skeletal Muscles:
 Skeletal muscles are made up of many muscle __________________
 Those fibers are made up of many _______________________
 Those myofibrils are made up of _______________ and __________________, which work together to
____________________ and ____________________ the muscle
 During muscle __________________________ the little sticky _______________ on myosin filaments
bind to the ________________
 When ________ (energy from ______________ ___________________) is added the _____________
changes shape bending towards the ______________ and pulling the actin fibers with it.
 This makes the muscle fiber ___________________ or _____________________
Relaxed Muscle
Contracting Muscle
Tendons and Ligaments:
 The reason we move when our __________________ contract is because they are attached to
_____________ by _____________________
 This typically happens at __________________
 Joints are where one _____________ meets another and _______________________ can occur.
 ______________________ attach bone to bone, to __________________ and help control our
movements
Joints:
 _________________ are where one bone attaches to another bone
 Most joints have ______________________ between them to prevent bone to bone
__________________ and damage.
 There are ___________ different types of joints, four of which allow _________________________
 The different joints are _______________________ by the type of ______________________ they
allow
Immovable Joint:
 These are also referred to as ________________ joints because they allow ______ movement
 These can be found in your _______________ and _____________ where the different bones
_____________ together.
Ball-and-Socket:
 Joint formed by a ____________ at the end of one bone that fits into a
__________________ in the end of another bone.
 This allows ___________ movement in almost ______________ direction
 Examples of these would be your ____________________ and _____________
Hinge:
 Hinge joints allow ____________ and _______________ movement in
___________ direction, and a little ______________________ in the other
direction
 The bones are held in place by tough _____________________ that allow more
__________________ movement than the ____________________________ joint.
 Examples can be found in the ___________________, knee, and
_____________________ of the fingers.
Pivot:
 Pivot joints allow ________________________ around one point.
 The bone can ______________ back and forth allowing a
____________________ or rotating movement
 Examples can be found in the ___________________ in the forearm and in the
______________, which allows us to turn our heads from side to side.
Saddle:
 A saddle joint is formed when the end of one bone is the _________________
image of its adjoining bone creating a ___________________ shape.
 The two bones meet to form an ________, the saddles
____________________ each other.
 This allows a ______________ range of movement, or
_____________________ movement in either direction
 An example would be your _____________________
Functions of the Skeletal System:

____________________ our soft internal _____________________

Provide the body with ___________________ and __________________________

________________ important _______________________ that the body needs

Works with the __________________________ system to allow ____________________________

Make most of the __________________ cells for our _____________________________ system
Protection:

There are _____________ bones in the human bodies (at least for most of us).
o Skull (29 bones) – protects the _________________ and _____________________ organs (eyes,
ears, tongue, nose)
o ____________________ Column (26 bones) – protects the spinal _______________
o ___________ Cage (25 bones) – protects the _______________ and __________________, and
allows us to __________________ by supporting the diaphragm
o _____________________, Arms, and Hands (64 bones) – allow ________________________
for survival
o Pelvis, _____________, and Feet (62 bones) – allow movement for survival, so we can escape
predators and find food
Bones:

There are ____________ layers to your bones:
o Pariosteum – the outer layer that is _____________ and _____________. It contains the
_______________ vessels and _________________
o __________________ Bone – the next layer that is very _________________ and ___________.
It is made up of ______________ bone cells that have _______________ __________________
running through the _________________ of them.
o Cancellous – the next layer down looks _________________, but is still very strong. It protects
the bone _____________________
o Bone Marrow – the _______________ most layer that is like a very thick _______________ and
makes the ______________ cells
Mineral Storage:

Bones are made up of . . .
o 30% ________________ tissue
o 45% _________________ deposits
o 25% ___________________

Bones store ___________________ and _____________________. As the ______________ needs
more of these minerals they are ____________________ from the bones, but the bones need them as
well to stay ____________ and strong.
Bone Marrow:

There are two types of marrow:
o ___________ – this is the site for blood cell ____________________. It makes red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
o Yellow – contains _______________ connective tissues that can be broken down and used as
____________________ during _________________________
Cartilage:

Cartilage is the ________________, fibrous tissue that is _____________________

It can be found in __________________ to ________________________ and allow smooth movements

Some types of cartilage are used to allow ________________________, like in your _____________,
nose, and __________________

Some cartilage is meant to bear _____________________ and squish, so the ________________ do not
crack.

Cartilage has no _______________ _____________________ running through it, but is still
__________________ tissue.

As a _________________ most of your __________________________ is made of cartilage.
Breaking Bones:

There are several different types of _________________ or _____________________ depending on
their severity.

The ___________ is different for everyone, but usually it is a deep ache and you may feel ___________

The best thing is to not ________________ the area that your think might be broken.
_____________________ the area and get to a doctor.

Your osteocytes will start producing more _____________ cells and eventually your break will heal
Fun Facts:

Bones ___________ with age, so when you were a baby you had about ___________ bones

Bones in the _____________ and _____________ vary, so not every one has exactly the same number
of bone. It usually ranges between ___________ and _________ bones

_____________ the bones in your body are in your hands and feet

Your ________________ (thigh bone) is stronger than _____________ rod of the same size and shape

Standing and sitting squeezes the ____________________ between the discs in your spine, so you are
about ½ inch _____________________ at the end of the day