Download Cellular Respiration

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
FROM PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO
CELL RESPIRATION
• What are the end products of
Photosynthesis?
_______________________
• Why are these products important
(how are they used)?
_______________________________________________
WHAT IS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION?
It is a PROCESS
ALL organisms (including plants) perform
cell respiration!
• Cellular Respiration is how every cell changes
Glucose into ATP.
ATP is the cell’s energy molecule.
• ATP is used by cells to perform ALL
biological activities! (STRANGER-C)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Respiration occurs in ALL cells and can take
place with or without oxygen present
TWO TYPES
• Cellular respiration is the process in
which glucose is used to produce cell
energy
• This energy-releasing process takes
place in ALL living cells (plant AND
animal!)
Two types:
Aerobic - with oxygen
Anaerobic - without oxygen
WHAT'S HAPPENING?
• During cell respiration, glucose is
broken down to create a high-energy
molecule called “ATP”
• Carbon dioxide and water are waste
products of this process
• Hank - Cell Respiration
SUNLIGHT TO ATP
• During Photosynthesis, radiant energy is
captured and stored in the bonds of
Glucose
• During Cell Respiration, the energy in
Glucose is transferred to a molecule of
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)
ATP is the energy molecule for ALL living
organisms (plant AND animal)
:
CELL ENERGY (ATP)
•ALL organisms use Glucose to create a more
“usable” form of energy called ATP
•ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
•ATP is the energy molecule for ALL living
things!
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
CELL ENERGY (ATP - ADP)
• In the Mitochondria, ATP is converted to
ADP when energy is needed
• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
• Breaking a Phosphate group off of ATP
releases the energy that is stored in that
bond
Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups
ATP TO ADP AND BACK AGAIN
• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds
—breaking the bond releases the energy
• When the cell has energy to store it adds a
phosphate group to ADP - producing ATP
• When the cell needs energy for life processes,
it breaks the bond holding the phosphate
group and changes ATP back to ADP
• Adding a bond stores energy
• Breaking a bond releases energy
ATP TO ADP AND BACK AGAIN
• It’s almost like recharging your cell phone!
AEROBIC CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
• In most Eukaryotic organisms, cell
respiration requires oxygen.
• This is aerobic cellular respiration.
• In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken
down completely into ATP, carbon dioxide
and water.
• This is an efficient process which makes
36 ATP molecules from one Glucose
molecule.
aerobic exercise
FORMULA FOR AEROBIC
CELL RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2 ----> H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP
– 1 Glucose molecule and 2 ATPs are
needed to start the process
– Aerobic (with oxygen) is very efficient!
1 Glucose makes 36 ATP molecules!
Do you notice something about
this equation?
O2 + C6H12O6  H2O + CO2 + ATP
• It’s the opposite of the
Equation for Photosynthesis!
CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2
PLANTS AND ANIMALS RELY
ON EACH OTHER!
• Animals use:
• Glucose (from producers/plants)
• Oxygen (from producers/plants)
• Plants use:
• Carbon dioxide (from consumers/animals)
• Water (from consumers/
animals)
WHERE DOES THIS HAPPEN?
• Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the
mitochondria.
(That's why we call this organelle the
“mighty mitochondria – because it is the
“powerhouse” of the cell!)
mighty mouse saves the day
• Mitochondria are found in both plant and
animal cells.
**Cells that need more energy (muscle
cells) have more mitochondria**
THE MITOCHONDRIA CHANGE
THE O 2 AND GLUCOSE
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
INTO CO 2 , H 2 O, AND ATP
GLYCOLYSIS
• Before aerobic cellular respiration can
occur, an initial step, called glycolysis,
takes place outside the mitochondria, in the
cytoplasm
• What do the letters “LYS” stand for????
__________________
• “GLYC” stands for glucose…
• What do you think Glycolysis means?
_______________________________
GLYCOLYSIS
• The Mitochondria are covered by a
selectively permeable membrane
• Glucose is too big to fit through the pores
• In Glycolysis, the Glucose molecule is
broken into two molecules of Pyruvate
Remember…Glyco stands for “Glucose”...
“lys” means destroy
• This occurs in the cytoplasm
GLYCOLYSIS
• Remember Diffusion????
• In order for the molecule to DIFFUSE,
it has to FIT through the membrane!
• So… Glucose has to be chopped in half!
• It becomes two molecules of Pyruvic
Acid (Pyruvate)
GLYCOLYSIS
??
??
??
??
??
Which is a ??
bigger, more ??
??
complex ??
molecule? ??
In glycolysis, Glucose is broken down so it
can diffuse into the mitochondria.
GLYCOLYSIS…
• Glucose is broken into two molecules of
pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid)
• This step occurs before either
anaerobic or aerobic cellular respiration
• 2 ATP are needed to “chop” glucose!
• The pyruvate then enters the
mitochondria, where aerobic cellular
respiration occurs
AEROBIC CELL
RESPIRATION
• There are two steps which happen after
glycolysis:
• The Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle, and
the electron transport chain (ETC)
• Both happen inside the mitochondria
• Overall, at the end of these three steps,
there is a net gain of 36 ATP molecules.
KREBS CYCLE
• The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
requires oxygen
• This is where Carbon Dioxide is formed
• Think: Krebs = Carbon
• This part of the process takes place in
the mitochondria
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN (ETC)
• Electrons are passed through the
membrane of the mitochondria
• They bind with 2 H+ ions and Oxygen to
form a molecule of H2O
• Remember? Bonding through dehydration
synthesis!
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
•
When there is no oxygen, cell
respiration consists of two pathways:
• Glycolysis and Fermentation.
•
Both of these occur in the cytoplasm
and only produce 2 ATPs
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Anaerobic Respiration is also called
Fermentation
• 2 Types: Alcoholic & Lactic Acid
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Fermentation is used in the baking and
brewing industries
• It occurs with yeast and bacteria, but
will occur in animals (humans) under
certain conditions
• Depending on the organism, there are
different end products from the
breakdown of glucose
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
EQUATIONS
(FERMENTATION)
• In Plants (Yeast):
•
Pyruvate ---> Alcohol + CO2
• In Animals (Bacteria & Muscle Cells):
•
Pyruvate ---> Lactic Acid
IN PLANTS (YEAST)
• Yeast is used in the baking and brewing
industries
• To make Bread, Beer and Wine
• As yeast perform anaerobic respiration,
they convert glucose into ethanol
alcohol with CO2 as a bi-product
Bacteria & Muscles….
• Bacteria is used to make cheese
and yogurt
• Bacteria convert glucose into lactic acid
• The same happens in overworked muscle
cells!
• Ever feel the “burn” in your muscles after
working out???
• That’s Lactic Acid!
IN ANIMALS (HUMANS!!!!)
• Ever run in gym class and feel a burning
in your legs?
• How about lifting weights? Do your arm
and chest muscles ever burn while you
are working out?
• That burning sensation is muscle fatigue
– and it's caused by lactic acid build-up!
MUSCLE FATIGUE
• During exercise, muscle cells use oxygen
faster than your body can supply it!
• To get more energy, the muscle cells
convert to anaerobic respiration
• This causes a build up of lactic acid in
the muscle tissue – acid “burns” and
your muscles feel “sore”
REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What is cell respiration?
________________________________
________________________________
• The waste products of aerobic cell
respiration are: ______________ &
_______________
• The energy from glucose is transferred by
cell respiration into energy molecules
called ___________
• In what organelle does cell respiration
occur? ____________
MORE....
• The process of _______________
cellular respiration does NOT require
oxygen.
• The process of _______________
cellular respiration DOES require oxygen.
• Another name for anaerobic cell
respiration is ____________________.
• The end products of fermentation are
• ____________ & either ____________
OR _____________