Download ENGLISH COLONIZATION OF NORTH AMERICA

THE EXPLORATION OF NORTH
AMERICA
EXPLORATION: To travel to a region previously unknown
to learn about its features and inhabitants.
HOW THE UNITED STATES BEGAN…
Arm-Buddy
Why would you explore? Think about
reasons you might leave everything
behind to explore a new world. List
your reasons to your “arm buddy.” Are
yours and theirs the same? You have 1
minute
Early World Explorations
• Leif Erickson, 1000 AD – New Found land
• Moors & the Spice Trade – Asia
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure
Fleet” – California
• Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 - China
Expansion becomes a state enterprise
monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
15th Century: The Setting
Crusades
by-pass middle men to get to Asia.
Renaissance
peoples.
curiosity about other lands and
Reformation
refugees & missionaries.
Spanish Reconquista (Conquistadors)
Rise of the Nation-State: Monarchs seeking new
sources of revenue.
Technological advances. (ships and printing press)
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Because of advances in TECHNOLOGY and
map-making, Europeans began successfully
navigating the Atlantic Ocean.
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
[Portulan]
MERCANTILISM
 A countries power depends on wealth.
 More money equals more power!
 Balance of Trade- Exports vs. Imports
Exports
Imports
CAPITALISM
 Economic system based on private ownership and
investment of resources to make more money
Christopher
Columbus
 Landed in October 1492 at Caribbean Island he named
San Salvador & thought that he had landed in Indies!
 For centuries Europeans had seen the ocean as a
barrier -Columbus changed that.
Western
Hemisphere
(New World)
Eastern Hemisphere
(Old World)
Exploration led to an enormous exchange
of people, plants, animals, technology
and ideas that would change the lives of
people in Asia, Europe, the Americas and
Africa.
Because this global interaction began
with Columbus, it is called the
Columbian Exchange.
Imagine Italian food
without tomatoes,
Mexican food with no
rice and bean dish,
the Irish without
potatoes, chocolate
without sugar.
How would your diet
be different without
the exchange of food
across the
continents?
Think about
the effects of
the Columbian
Exchange.
What was
positive? What
was negative?
Economic Revolution!
 Spurred growth of towns
 Many merchants became very wealthy
 Most people still lived in rural areas
 Mainly only traders and merchants gained social
mobility
 Mercantilism started to create national identity
 Effects of Globalization?!
What does this
painting tell you
about the effects of
the Columbian
Exchange on the
European diet?
What effect did the
Columbian
Exchange have on
the Native
American
population?
Pieter Aertsen, MARKET WOMAN AT VEGETABLE STAND (1567). Courtesy of WorldArt
Kiosk/Kathleen Cohen.
Why is the Columbian Exchange
considered one of the largest turning
points in history?
Amerigo Vespucci
 Sailed from Italy in 1497 and called America a
“New World”
 A German mapmaker in 1507 named New World
“America”.
SPANISH MOTIVATION 3 G’s
 GOLD – Natural Resource, Economic Wealth
 GOD – Christianity to Native Americans
 GLORY – Make Spain more powerful than others
Treaty of Tordesillas
 1494- Pope Alexander VI
 Spain and Portugal
 All un-Christian lands West of Brazil to Spain and East
to Portugal
 That is why Brazil is a Portuguese speaking country
NOT Spanish
 Why would Spain and Portugal ask the Pope to
resolve the conflict?
The Spanish
 Spanish colonizers enslaved the Native Americans they
conquered and used their labor to farm, mine and build
cities.
 Spain ruled its colonies with a tight fist, allowing no
representative govt., no free trade, no freedom of religion.
 They explored and eventually settled land in present-day
Florida, Southwest United States, Mexico, and the islands in
the Caribbean.
 Spain was the most powerful nation on earth in the early
1500’s. Because of the Spanish Armada (Spain’s fleet of
armed ships), no other European nations could cross the
Atlantic Ocean to explore the New World.
UNTIL….
In 1588, England defeated
the Spanish Armada. This
meant that other
European nations could
now explore and claim
land in the New World.
The French 3 F’s
 The French explored North America for
these reasons:

1. Fish – natural resources

2. Fur – to sell in Europe for MONEY

3. Friendship with the Natives to
encourage trade
 Problems: New France failed to attract large numbers
of settlers from Europe. The poor climate
discouraged farming. Land grants were only given to
the nobles who then rented out the land to farmers.
 Success: The French were more interested in fur
trapping and trading, so they did not truly conquer and
take land from the Native Americans. Instead they
made them trading partners!
 In 1682 Robert de La Salle claimed the entire length of
the St. Louis river and all lands to the west for France,
naming it for King Louis XIV while looking for the
Northwest Passage – a quicker and easier water route
to the Pacific Ocean or Asia
 (all three European countries were in search
of a faster, cheaper trade route to Asia)
 Why did Europe want to find a Northwest
Passage to Asia?
France claimed
the
Mississippi
River Valley.
THE ENGLISH – 3 E’s
ECONOMIC WEALTH – Natural Resources from
North America that could be traded in Europe
ESCAPE RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION – If you didn’t
believe in the Church of England, you were harassed,
discriminated against, and even killed.
EXPAND LAND – England is small island, population
growing and food shortages.
England claimed
the east coast
of North
America.
EUROPEAN TERRITORIAL
CLAIMS IN NORTH AMERICA
PUSH--WHY LEAVE EUROPE?
 HUNGER
 HOMELESSNESS
 POVERTY
 LACK OF OPPORTUNITY
 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE
PULL--WHY GO TO AMERICA?
 LAND OF ABUNDANCE- Opportunity to own your own land
 RESOURCES OF ABUNDANCE- FORESTS and RICH
SOIL, FISH & GAME
 PROMISE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
 PROMISES OF WEALTH
COLONIZATION
 Groups of people settle in a distant land but
remain under the control of their native land
(mother country).
 Colonies exported raw materials, such as wood
and furs
 European nations were able to make goods out
of raw materials
 Colonies then bought finished goods from
Europe
THINK BACKWhy was England now
able to send explorers
and settlers to the
New World?
The English Colonization
 In 1587 Queen Victoria sent 187 people to colonize
Roanoke Island, Virginia. By 1591 all 187 settlers had
disappeared, leaving only the name of a local Native
American Indian tribe carved on a post: Croatoan
JAMESTOWN
 In 1606, several groups of
merchants applied for
CHARTERS from King
James I to organize
settlements in North
America.
 The VIRGINIA COMPANY,
received a charter and sent
3 ships of settlers.
 The ships entered
Chesapeake Bay in 1607.
They sailed up the James
River and named their
settlement JAMESTOWN
after the beloved King
James I
 Jamestown was built on a
peninsula so it could be
defended against attack, but
because of its location it
lacked good farmland.
 The main goal of the Virginia
Company was to make a profit
for investors. Most of the
settlers were gold-seekers and
noblemen who were not
accustomed to hard work.
 They spent their time
searching for gold and silver
instead of planting food.
 Many died from disease and
starvation. The colony
survived only because of
the leadership of JOHN
SMITH.
 A period of hardship
followed Smith’s departure
from Jamestown.
TOBACCO SAVES THE COLONY!
 The Virginia colonists finally
found a way to make
money—John Rolfe
discovered that the soil in
Virginia was good for
growing tobacco, a cash
crop which would bring
great wealth to the colony.
 It was an instant success in
Europe $ $ $
 Another economic
improvement occurred when
settlers were allowed to own
their own land.
 Private ownership of land
meant that colonists could
grow their own food for a
profit, so they began working
harder, which made the
colony more successful.
 Anyone who paid their own
passage to America received
100 hundred acres of land. This
encouraged thousands of
people to move to Virginia.
 In 1619, the Virginia Company
sent 90 women to Jamestown
so that the number of families
would grow, making Virginia
more stable.
 You could still come to Virginia
even if you could not afford the
passage…BUT you would
become an indentured servant
for at least 5-7 years.
 In 1619, the Virginia Company
agreed to let colonists have a say
in their government.
 Ten towns sent 2 representatives
called BURGESSES to an
assembly called THE HOUSE OF
BURGESSES that had the right
to make laws for the colony.
 THIS WAS THE FIRST FORM OF
REPRESENTATIVE
GOVERNMENT IN THE
ENGLISH COLONIES.
As the Virginia colony
grew and prospered, a
new group of settlers
sailed for English
America in search of
religious freedom…
Who do you think the
next set of settlers will
be????