Download capitulum xxv – grammatica

CAPITULUM XXV – GRAMMATICA
I.
Place from, to and in which – review and new stuff: plural place names
A.
Place-from-which – unde?
1.
Ordinarily place-from-which is expressed by ā/ab or ē/ex + ablative: ab
2.
When place-from-which is expressed just by the name of a city, town or
small island (smaller than Rhodes), the ablative is used by itself without a
preposition: Rōmā, Nāxō.
3.
This holds true for plural place names like Athēnae or Delphī. So "from
Athens" = Athēnīs; "from Delphi" = Delphīs.
4.
Note, however, that when place-from-which is expressed in a way that
involves the word urbs, oppidum, īnsula, with the place name placed after
and in apposition to it, one uses the preposition: ab urbe Athēnīs, ex īnsula
Italiā, ā vīllā.
Nāxō
B.
Place-to-which – quō?
1.
Ordinarily place-to-which is expressed by ad + accusative: ad Italiam, ad
2.
When place-to-which is expressed just by the name of a city, town or small
island (smaller than Rhodes), the accusative is used by itself without a
preposition: Rōmam, Nāxum
3.
This holds true for plural place names like Athēnae or Delphī. So "to
Athens" = Athēnās; "to Delphi" = Delphōs.
4.
Note, however, that when place-in-which is expressed in a way that
involves the word urbs, oppidum, īnsula, with the place name placed after
and in apposition to it, one uses the preposition: ad urbem Athēnās, ad
vīllam.
īnsulam Nāxum
C.
Place-in-which – ubi?
1.
Ordinarily place-in-which is expressed by in + ablative: in Italiā, in vīllā
2.
When place-in-which is expressed just by the name of a city, town or small
island (smaller than Rhodes), the locative – which for singular proper
nouns is the same as the genitive – is used by itself without a preposition:
Rōmae, Nāxī
3.
This holds true for plural place names like Athēnae or Delphī, except that
the locative is the same as the ablative. So "in Athens" = Athēnīs; "in
Delphi" = Delphīs
4.
Note, however, that when place-in-which is expressed in a way that
involves the word urbs, oppidum, īnsula, with the place name placed after
and in apposition to it, one uses the preposition: in urbe Athēnīs, in īnsulā
Nāxō
5.
How do you tell an ablative from a locative for these plural place names?
II.
If the verb in the same clause is "of motion", ablative; if not "of
motion," locative.
b.
Consider: Ūnum diem Athēnīs remanēbimus; deinde Troiam Athēnīs
navigābimus – We shall stay one day in Athens; then we will sail
from Athens to Troy.
Imperatives of Deponents (continued)
A.
B.
C.
III.
a.
Singular – use what would be the infinitive if deponents had them:
1.
laetāre! – be happy!
2.
intuēre pedēs meōs! – look at my feet!
3.
sequere mē! – follow me!
4.
opperīre mē! – wait for me!
Plural – use the regular plural second person:
1.
laetāminī, cīvēs meī! – rejoice, my fellow citizens!
2.
intuēminī gladium meum cruentem! - look upon my gory sword!
3.
sequiminī mē ad portum! – follow me to the port!
4.
opperīminī mē, amīcī! – wait for me, friends!
Whether the form is to be understood as the indicative or the imperative
depends on context.
1.
Look for punctuation: appropriately placed commas, particularly before or
around a vocative plural, and exclamation marks typically indicate
imperatives.
2.
If the punctuation is itself ambiguous, then you need to rely on the general
sense of the sentence and those before and after it.
New uses of the Genitive Case
A.
Objective Genitive - The genitive case can be used to denote what is the object of
certain kinds of nouns, nouns that have a verbal idea about them, nouns that
derive from verbs. Examples:
1.
amor patriae – love of/for native land: this is what one who loves (amāre)
2.
mortis timor – fear of death: this is what one who fears (timēre) death has
3.
expugnatio urbis – the capture of the city: this is what those who capture
(expugnāre) a city accomplish
4.
nex Minotaurī – killing of the Minotaur: this is what one who kills (necāre)
5.
spēs salūtis – hope of/for safety: this is a feeling which one who hopes
(spērāre) has
6.
laudātor temporis actī – praiser of time past: this is what one who praises
(laudāre) the past does
his homeland has
a Minotaur achieves
B.
C.
IV.
V.
Genitive with adjectives/participles – Again, when an adjective or participle
embodies an action that can also be expressed by a verb, a genitive can denote
the object of that kind of adjective. Examples:
1.
amāns patriae – a patriot ([one who is] loving of country): is quī patriam
amat
2.
cupidus pecūniae – desirous of money; greedy for money: is quī pecūniam
cupit
Genitive with certain verbs – In this chapter we meet the deponent third
conjugation verb, oblīvīscī, oblītum esse (to forget, to be forgetful of). Its object
is always in the genitive when it is a human being. It can be in either the
genitive or the accusative when its object is a thing. Examples:
1.
Line 126: Oblīvīscere illīus virī improbi. . . – forget that bad guy. . . – the
object of the forgetting is a human being so the words for it are in the
genitive case.
2.
Line 128: Nōn facile est amōris antīquī oblīvīscī. – It is not easy to forget
an old love. – here the object is a thing (love) and is made in the genitive
case.
3.
Line 118: Montēs aurī fēminīs pollicentur, tum prōmissa oblīvīscuntur. . .
They promise mountains of gold to women, then forget their promises. . . –
his time the thing (promises) which is the object is made in the accusative
case.
Accusative and Infinitive – as with most verbs "of the head" (verba dīcendī, audiendī,
sentiendī, sciendī, cētera) the verbs iubēre and velle can govern this type of
expression. Examples:
A.
Line 59 (modified): Rēx Theseum ā mīlitibus in labyrinthum dūcī iussit. The
king ordered Theseus to be taken by the soldiers into the labyrinth.
B.
Line 2: Tē hīc manēre volō. I want you to remain here.
C.
Line 4: Quam fābulam mē tibi nārrāre vīs? Which story do you wish me to tell
you?
Perfect Participles of Deponents – These serve an extremely useful purpose as
substitutes for clauses commenced by conjunctions or relative pronouns, or when an
ablative absolute will simply not do. Their usefulness derives from the fact that they
have ACTIVE meanings, unlike the perfect participles of all regular verbs, which are
only and forever passive.
A.
In their aspect as adjectives, they agree with whomever or whatever they are
modifying in number, case and gender.
B.
They can be understood sometimes in terms of a clause, sometimes with a
perfect participle expression in English, sometimes with a present participle in
English, sometimes as a finite verb in cordinate structure (joined with a
conjunction like et, atque, or ac) with the actual finite verb in the sentence.
C.
Examples from the chapter:
1.
Line 74: haec locūta, Ariadna Thēseō fīlum longum dedit. The perfect
participle is locūta, from the third conjugation deponent loquī, locūtum
esse. It is feminine nominative singular because it modifies Ariadna,
which is a feminine nominative singular proper noun. We can think of the
meaning here as indicated in the margin: postquam haec locūta est
[postquam Ariadna Theseō haec verba dīxit] – after she said these things
[after Ariadne said these words to Theseus]
2.
Lines 84-5: Thēseus fīlum Ariadnae secūtus exitum labyrinthī facile
repperit. Here the perfect participle is secūtus, from the third conjugation
deponent sequī, secūtum esse. It is masculine nominative singular
because it modifies Thēseus, which is a masculine nominative singular
proper noun. This could be understood as "Having followed Ariadne's
thread, Theseus easily found the way out of the labyrinth." or "By
following . . ." or "After he followed. . ." or "he followed . . . and found. . ."
3.
Line 137: Aegeus, arbitrātus mortem fīliī eō colōre significārī. . . = Aegeus,
who thought [since he thought, or thinking, or having thought] that the
death of his son was indicated by this color. . .