Download Pathogens (Bacteria with foreign antigens) are

Pathogens (Bacteria & Virus with
foreign antigens) are engulfed by
Macrophages
Pathogen with foreign
Antigen
The Macrophages display the foreign
antigens on the outside of their cell
membranes.
Macrophage
When Helper T cells encounter these
macrophages, if they match the
displayed antigen, the Helper T cells
secrete “Cytokines” which are chemical
signals to activate B cells & T cells.
Helper T cell
The cytokines stimulate the rapid
cloning of Plasma B-cells & Cytotoxic T
lymphocytes.
Cytokines
The Plasma B cell clones begin
secreting huge amounts of Antibodies.
Cloning of
Plasma B cells
The Antibodies attach to the foreign
antigens on the pathogens & clump
them together to neutralize them.
Antibodies
The Cytotoxic T cells find cells &
viruses with the foreign antigen & use
their lysosome to destroy the
pathogens.
Cloning of
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Some of the B-cell clones are Memory
B cells that stay in the blood, ready for
the next pathogen with that antigen.
Memory B Cells
Some of the T-cell Clones are Memory
T cells that stay in the blood, ready to
attack the next pathogen with that
antigen.
Memory T cells