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Review Sheet Material covered up through first exam Who was Donald Hebb and why is he famous? Gregor Mendel Chromosome Genes DNA mRNA Amino acids Protein Transcription Translation tRNA Ribosome Sex-linked genes Heredity Dominant gene Recessive gene Homozygous and heterozygous alleles Mutation Heritability Individual Fitness Issues surrounding animal research Two kinds of cells in the nervous system and the classes of each that we discussed Internal and external components of a cell Anatomy of a neuron Myelin sheaths What is the blood-brain barrier? Why is it important Resting potential. What is it? How does it occur? Gradients that promote equal distribution of ions Factors that promote an unequal distribution of ions across membrane Sodium-potassium pump Action potential. Know the process in terms of the ions involved Hyperpolarization and depolarization Threshold of excitation Refractory periods (absolute and relative) Voltage gated ion channels What is temporal and spatial summation? Ways in which an action potential can be propagated down an axon Charles Sherrington. Who was he? What major ideas did he generate about synapses? EPSP and IPSP What is a graded potential? Otto Loewi’s experiments on frog hearts Classes of neurotransmitters (don’t have to memorize them all, but do know a few, like catecholamines, acetylcholine and serotonin Mechanisms involved in the release of neurotransmitter Where are neurotransmitters stored? Two types of postsynaptic membrane receptors and how they work Various ways that drugs can affect synaptic transmission Agonist and antagonist Three classes and types of neurons Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Who was he? What principles have we learned from him? Hodgkin and Huxley. Who were they? What are they known for? Patch clamp technique Anatomical terms: afferent, efferent, proximal, distal, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, rostral, caudal, medial, lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, coronal, sagital, horizontal Major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic Ganglion vs. nucleus Meninges Organization of the spinal cord. Where are the cell bodies for the sensory and motor neurons? What’s in the gray matter and white matter? The 12 cranial nerves Hindbrain. What does it consist of and do? Pons Cerebellum. What does it do? Parts of the midbrain and what do each do Pineal gland Thalamus. What is its overall function? Where does the thalamus connect Ventricles Basal ganglia. What is it? Limbic system. What is it? Parkinson’s Disease. What neurotransmitter is affected? What area(s) of the brain are affected? Hypothalamus. What it is involved in? Hippocampus. What is it involved in? Pituitary and infundibulum. Cerebral spinal fluid and choroids plexus Telencephalon vs. diencephalon Cortex. How is it organized? What are the cell types that are found there? What are the four lobes and what do they do? Motor map Communication across hemispheres Sulci vs. gyri vs. fissures Prefrontal cortex and delayed response task. Various types of lesions. Pros and cons of lesion studies Implants Electrical recording from specific brain areas Field potential vs local potential Nissl stain Golgi stain Autoradiography In situ hybridization Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry Tract tracing CAT scans MRI and fMRI PET scans Regional cerebral blood flow Knock-out animals and transgenics Morgan’s Cannon Neural plate Neural groove Neural tube Neural crest Neurogenesis Cell migration Differentiation Synpatogenesis Totipotent CAMs Filopodia and lamellipodia Chemoaffinity hypothesis Blueprint hypothesis Topographic gradient hypothesis