Download Практичне заняття № 1 - Кременчуцький національний

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ
КРЕМЕНЧУЦЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
ІМЕНІ МИХАЙЛА ОСТРОГРАДСЬКОГО
МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ
ЩОДО ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ
З НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ
«ІСТОРІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ»
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІІ КУРСУ ДЕННОЇ ФОРМИ НАВЧАННЯ
ЗА НАПРЯМОМ 6.020303 – «ФІЛОЛОГІЯ»
КРЕМЕНЧУК 2013
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Методичні вказівки щодо практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни
«Історія англійської мови» для студентів ІІ курсу денної форми навчання за
напрямом 6.020303– «Філологія»
Укладач к. філол. наук, доц. Чрділелі Т.В.
Рецензент к. філол. наук, доц. Пірог І.І.
Кафедра перекладу
Затверджено методичною радою Кременчуцького національного університету
імені Михайла Остроградського
Протокол № ___ від ___________ 2013 р.
Голова методичної ради __________ проф. В.В. Костін
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Методичні вказівки щодо практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни
«Історія англійської мови» для студентів ІІ курсу денної форми навчання за
напрямом 6.020303 – «Філологія»
Укладач к. філол. наук, доц. Чрділелі Т.В.
Відповідальний за випуск зав. кафедри перекладу доц. І.І. Пірог
Підп. до др._________. Формат 60х84 1/16. Папір тип. Друк ризографія.
Ум. друк. арк._________. Наклад____прим. Зам. № __________. Безкоштовно.
Видавничий відділ
Кременчуцького національного університету
імені Михайла Остроградського
вул. Першотравнева, 20, м. Кременчук, 39600
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ЗМІСТ
Вступ.............................................................................................................................4
1 Теми та погодинний розклад практичних занять і самостійної роботи .............5
2 Перелік практичних занять......................................................................................6
Практичне заняття № 1 History of English as science. Periods in the English
language history..............................................................................................................6
Практичне заняття № 2 Historical Background and Old English Writings...........................7
Практичне заняття № 3 Old English phonetics: Word-Stress. Vowels ...............................9
Практичне заняття № 4 Old English Grammar. The Substantive. The Pronoun.
The Adjective. The Verb.........................................................................................………11
Практичне заняття № 5 Old English Wordstock. The Syntax. .....................................14
Практичне заняття № 6 Middle English Period........................................................15
Практичне заняття № 7 Formation of the National Language.............................................17
3 Питання до іспиту..................................................................................................19
4 Критерії оцінювання знань студентів…………………………………………..22
Список літератури....................................................................................................23
Додаток А Reader.....................................................................................................24
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ВСТУП
Зміст навчальної дисципліни. У курсі вивчення «Історії англійської мови»
висвітлюються проблеми періодизації історії мови, особливості фонології і
фонетичних процесів на всіх етапах розвитку англійської мови, граматична
структура мови від давнини до її сучасного стану, виникнення і відмирання
граматичних
категорій,
закономірності
змін
синтаксичної
структури,
словосполучення і речення.
Мета
навчальної
дисципліни
забезпечити
студентів
глибокими
знаннями з історії мовознавства, з лінгвістичних проблем у синхронії та
діахронії; охарактеризувати англійську мову на ранніх стадіях її розвитку;
прослідкувати розвиток мови від староанглійської до сучасної; пояснити основні
риси мови з точки зору її історичного розвитку.
Завдання курсу з історії англійської мови. Вивчення історії мови є
шляхом до розуміння законів розвитку мови, питань про роль граматичної
будови та словникового складу мови, про зміни, які відбуваються в мові.
У результаті вивчення дисципліни студент повинен
знати: лексичні та граматичні особливості англійської мови як результат її
історичного розвитку, діалектизми на різних рівнях мови, розбіжності у написанні
та вимові, етимологію ідіоматичних висловів;
уміти: дати етимологічні пояснення тим особливим явищам у фонетиці,
граматиці, лексиці сучасної англійської мови, які вважаються винятком з
правил.
При підготовці до практичних занять та вивченні тем, винесених на
самостійне опрацювання, студенти користуються
даними методичними
вказівками згідно з погодинним розкладом практичних занять і самостійної
роботи.
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1 ТЕМИ ТА ПОГОДИННИЙ РОЗКЛАД ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ І
САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ
№
пор.
1
Денна форма
навчання
Тема
К-сть год. К-сть год.
(практ.)
СРС
History of English as science. Periods in the
2
4
English language history.
2
Historical Background and Old English Writings
2
4
3
Old English phonetics: Word-Stress. Vowels
2
4
4
Old English Grammar. The Substantive. The
2
3
Pronoun. The Adjective. The Verb.
5
Old English Wordstock. The Syntax
2
4
6
Middle English Period
2
3
7
Formation of the National Language
2
4
Усього годин за семестр
14
26
8
2 ПЕРЕЛІК ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗAНЯTЬ
Практичне заняття № 1
Тема. History of English as science. Periods in the English language
history
Мета: to find out the connection of the English language history with other
disciplines; to try to answer how the evolution of the language can be affected by or be
dependent upon the history of the people who speak it.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
A knowledge of the history of English will give you a better insight into the
grammar and phonetics of Modern English and explain the strange makeup of its
vocabulary. In addition, a study of how historical events have affected the English
language will highlight many of the sociolinguistic principles that we discuss on this
course.
Traditionally the history of the development the English language is divided
into three main periods:
1. The Old English Period (OE) 449 - 11 century (1066)
2. The Mid English Period (ME) 11 century – 15 century
3.The New English Period (NE) 15 century – up to now
Завдання до теми
1. The subject of the English language history:
а) the purpose of the history of English;
в) connection of history of English with other disciplines (history, grammar, phonetics,
lexicology, translation etc.);
с) internal and external causes of the English language development; laws of language
development; the comperative-historical method in linguistics.
2. Different approaches to language development. Synchrony and diachrony.
3. Periods in the English language history:
а) Henry Sweet (1845-1912) and his division of the English language history;
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в) important events in the social and political life of England as boundaries between
the periods on the English language development;
с) general characteristics of the main periods in the English language history.
4. Text The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Контрольні питання
1. Explain why linguistic changes are always slow and gradual. While answering recall the
functions of language and its main properties.
2. Supply the examples to show the connection of the English language history with other
disciplines. Try to answer how the evolution of the language can be affected by or be
dependent upon the history of the people who speak it.
3. Explain the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation, if any, in the words given
below bearing in mind the original values of Latin letter thought, note, nut, neat, knight,
loved, nature, riser.
Література: [1; 3; 4; 9].
Пактичне заняття № 2
Тема. Historical Background and Old English Writings
Мета: to analyse the Old English writing according to Old English dialects.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
About 500 B.C., Britain was invaded by Celtic tribes, who ruled the islands
undisputed for about 500 years. In 43 A.D., however, the islands were invaded by
Emperor Claudius and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. Britain was totally
conquered except for Scotland where the Celtic Scots and non-Indo-European Picts
reigned sovereign. When the Roman empire collapsed and the Roman legionaries
went home, they left a power vacuum in Britain. The Scots and Picts advanced
southwards and the weak Celts could not keep them back. The distressed Celts
decided to seek help from three Germanic tribes living in present-day southern
Denmark and north-western Germany. This proved to be a fatal mistake: the three
Germanic tribes called the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes did not only conquer the
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Scots, but seeing that the islands were fertile they pushed the weakened Celts to the
peripheries of the island (Wales, Cornwall and Ireland) and took the land for
themselves. By 600A.D. the victory was complete and Englaland and English was
born.
Завдання до теми
1. Pre-Germanic Britain. Beginning of English early feudalism in Britain. Christianity.
2. The runic alphabet and runic inscriptions.
3. Old English manuscripts: the Latin alphabet in Old English. Old English manuscripts
written in Latin characters.
4. Old English dialects and principal Old English written records.
5. King Alfred's (849-900) activities.
6. Old English poetry: Literature in Wessex dialect in the 9-10th centuries.
7. Text Orosius.
Контрольні питання
1. Draw the map of Old English from «The history of the English language» by Ivanova I.P.
and Chakhoyan L.P. into your note-books.
2. Memorise the following Old English writing according to Old English dialects.
Kentisch
8th century: Names in Latin Characters Glosses to Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the
English people.
9th century:
Charters.
10th centuries:
Kentish Hymn Psalm
Glosses to Proverbs.
West Saxon
9th century: Alfred's literary activity.
10-11th century: Alfric's works; Gosps, Homilies, Lives of Saints, Latin Grammar, etc.
Northumbrian
8th century: Runic and inscriptions.
Beowulf and other poems.
9th century: Glosses in Gospels; the Rushworth
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10-11th century: Gospel, the Durham Ritual.
3. Use the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English to explain the
meaning of the following words: gloss, charter, gospel, homily, chronicle, ritual, psalm,
apostle.
Література: [1; 3; 9].
Практичне заняття № 3
Тема. Old English phonetics: Word-Stress. Vowels
Мета: to find out about the Old English phonetics.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
In general the length of OE vowels was their phonemic feature, but in few cases it
could develop as a result the positional change of sounds:
1) the dropping of nasals: m, n were dropped before h, f, s, θ which caused lengthening
of the preceeding vowel by compensation:
Goth uns – OE ūs; fimf – fīf;
2) contraction: dropping of /h/ in the intervocal position
fohan  fōn, hohan  hōn.
Quite often contraction might produce a long diphthong:
slahan  sleahan  sēān; sehan  seohan  sēān; tihan  teohan tēōn.
3) nasalisation: narrowing of a vowel before the following nasal, which characteristic
of Wessex- Saxon dialect:
land  lond; mann  monn (also lånd, månn as graphical variants).
OE consonants can be described on the following grounds:
1) place of articulation: labial /p, b, m, f, v/; dental /t, d, þ, ð, n, s, r, l/; media-lingual /k’, g’,
x’/; back-lingual (velar) /k, g, x,/; pharyngeal /h/.
2) the manner of articulation: stops /p, b, t, d, k, g, k’/; fricatives /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, x, x’/.
3) voice: voiced /b, d, g, ð, v, z/; voiceless /p, t, k, θ, f, s/.
4) length: short (single) consonants /s, t, f, g/; long consonants (geminates) /ss, ff, tt, gg/
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Завдання до теми
1. Word-stress in Old English.
2. System of vowels:
a) short front vowel phonemes i, e, y, æ;
b) long front vowel phonemes: i = [i:],e = [e:], æ = [æ:],e = [y:];
c) short back vowel phonemes: a, u, o, a (before m, n);
d) long back vowel phonemes: a = [a:],u = [u:],o = [o:];
e) short diphthongs: ea = [æa], eo = [eo], ie = [ie], io = [io];
f) long diphthongs: ea = [æ:a], eo = [e:o], io = [i:o], ie = [i:e].
3. The main Processes in the Old English vowel System:
а) Old English Fracture (Breaking);
в) Mutation, or Umlaut;
с) Palatalisation;
d) Vowel Lengthening;
e) Contraction.
4. The system of consonants.
5. The Reading of Old English Charters.
Контрольні питання
1. Did word-stress in Old English always fall on the rootmorpheme? What regular place of
word-stress can you point out? Give some similar examples from Modern English.
2. Name the phoneme combinations that caused fracture in the Wessex words listed below.
State what the original sounding of the fractured words was: cealf (calf), leormin (learn),
beard (beard), steorfan (starve), beorzan (keep), beorth (bright), sealh (seal), sweord
(sword), wearm (warm).
3. State with reference to the back umlaut in the Old English words listed below:
a) what the original root vowel was;
b) by what phoneme the diphthongisation was caused;
c) why the diphthongisation could not have been caused by fracture:
meold (meal, grain); Seoluc (silk); Heofon (heaven); beadu-weorc (fight); beofor
(beaver); eoton (grain).
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4. State in which instances the root vowel was lengthened and why. Explain the short vowel
in 5 and 6.
1. sund (sound); 2. midle (mild); 3. be-hindan (behind);
4. hundred (hundred); 5.
hindrian (keep back).
5. What traces of palatal mutation can be found in the weak verbs?
Література: [ 4; 6; 11].
Практичне заняття № 4
Тема. Old English Grammar. The Substantive. The Pronoun. The Adjective.
The Verb
Мета: to find out about the peculiarities of Old English grammar.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
A noun pattern consisted of a noun as a head word and pronouns, adjectives
including verbal adjectives or participle, etc. Most noun modifiers agreed with the noun
in gender, number and case, e.g.,
On Pæm oþ rum prim da 3 um. – on those other days (datum, mascul.)
A verb pattern included a great variety of depended components: nouns, pronouns
in oblique cases (косвен) with or without prepositions, adverbs, invinitive, participle,
e.g.,
Hē sealed hit hys māder. – He gave it to his mother.
The simple sentence had its principle and secondary parts, e. g.,
Hē was suy ðe spedis mann.- He was a very rich man.
The common was ne before the verb and it was often accompanied by other
negative words – nāht (ніхто), noht (ніщо)
Завдання до теми
1. Nominal Grammatical categories: gender, number, case in Old English.
2. Noun declensions: a-stem, o-stems, i-stems, u-stems, n-stems, root-stems nouns.
3. The Pronoun: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive relative pronouns.
4. The adjective: declensions (strong and weak); degrees of comparison; form building
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means of degrees.
5. Grammatical categories of the verb.
a) The categories of finite forms (number, person, mood, tense). Verb conjugation.
b) The categories of non-finite forms. Participle I. The Infinitive, Participle II.
c) The problem of voice distinctions in Old English.
d) The problems of aspect in Old English.
e) Analytical forms in Old English.
6. Morphological classification of verbs:
a) General division.
b) Strong verbs (7 classes).Weak verbs (3 classes).
c) Suppletive, anomalous, preterite-present verbs.
7. Text: The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people
Part I.
8. Text The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part
II.
Контрольні питання
1. Drew the tables of Old English noun, pronoun and adjective declensions into your notebooks and have them at hand while declining Old English noun, pronouns and adjectives.
2. Divide the following Old English a-stem words of neuter gender into 4 groups according
to whether they do or don't take the suffix-u in the Nominative and Accusative plural:
bæc (back), bord (board), ban (bone), bread (bread), brozen (brain), bodiz (body), clif (cliff),
fel (skin), fyz (fire), glæss (glass), glæs (grass), zod (present) zamen (game), heofod (head),
hus (house), iren (iron), leaf (leaf), lead (lead), tacen (taken), wæter (water).
3. Change the following Old English masculine Nominative singular forms of the adjectives
into feminine, adding the suffix-u wherever necessary: treowe (true), aen (own), hal
(whole), wild (wild), del (idle), lytel (little), yiel (evie), fæst (foat), ful (full), od (good), softe
(soft), steap (steap).
4. Account for the interchange of vowels in the forms of the degrees of comparison:
smæl smælra smalost
NE slender
hēah hīerra
NE high
hīehst
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brād brādra brādost
NE broad
brædra brædest
5. Memorise the Summary Table and four main stems of the Old English strong verbs.
SUMMARY TABLE
Grammatical Categories Finite Forms
Non-Finite Forms
Mood
Indicative, Imperative Subjunctive —
Tense
Voice
Number
Person
Past,Present
—
Singular and Plural
lst, 2nd, 3rd distinguished in the
—
Participle
Indicative Mood Singular
—
Case
—
Infinitive (two forms) and
Gender
—
Participle
Participle
6. Make up the Principal forms of the following verbs of class III: windan
(twist); rindan (grind), beinah (begin).
7. Memorise three main forms of weak verbs: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite Tense and
Participle II.
e.g. hieren (to hear) - hierde - hiered.
8. Explain how the three main classes of weak verbs were differentiated in Old English taking
into consideration the forms of the following verbs:
tellan – tealde – teald; macian - macode – macod; libban – lifde - lifd.
9. Conjugate the verb helpan in the Present Tense.
10. Did the Old English verb have as many grammatical categories as the Modern English
verb?
Література: [ 4; 6; 11].
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Практичне заняття № 5
Tема. Old English Wordstock. The Syntax
Мета: to find out about Old English etymology; peculiarities of the wordformation and syntax.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
Old English was a purely Germanic language. There were, however, some
influences from other languages on the vocabulary.
There are 3 layers (chronologically) of borrowings:
• the earliest (oldest) - belongs to the time when the A.-S. tribes still lived on the
continent and traded with the Romans. We find word relating to trade: money, mill,
cheese, pear, cherry, pound, inch.
• even less numerous layer; it is related to the period when the A.-S. came to the
British Isles came in contact with the Celts, but since the contact was not very close,
we don’t find many Celtic words, but we find some Latin words borrowed from the
Romanized Celts: sheet, Chester (cestrum = лагерь), wall and some geographical
names: Winchester, Lincoln = colonium.
• words which came into the OE language with learning and through religion:
specially religious words: bishop, archangel, devil; some everyday words: clerk;
some words were borrowed as translated loans: gospel.
Завдання до теми
1. Etymology:
a) native words;
b) borrowings (Latin, Celtic).
2. Morphological, syntactic and semantic types of word-formation.
3. Semantic and stylistic characteristics of the Old English word-stock:
a) stylistically neutral words;
b) poetic words;
c) learned words.
4. Word order. Simple and complex sentences.
17
5. Text The Will of Badanoth Beotting.
Контрольні питання
1. What old English affixes have served in Middle English?
2. Read and translate the text The Will of Badanoth Beotting.
Speak about the wordstock used in it from the point of view of its etymology, wordformation, semantic and stylistic characteristics.
3. Which forms of the nouns originated due to palatal mutation? Describe their
history in Early OE.
4. Prove that suppletion is an ancient way of form-building that can be traced to PIE.
5. Define the form and class of the verbs and nouns in the following phrases and
reconstruct their initial forms: Nom. sg of nouns and the Infinitive of the verbs:
... wīciað Finnas ... fōr hē... þa Beormas spræcon... Ōhthere mētte ...hē bād... his
ēaan þŷstrodon... hē clypode... wē willað secan...
Література: [ 4; 6; 11; 9].
Практичне заняття № 6
Tема. Middle English Period
Мета: to study the peculiarities of English language in the Middle English
period.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
The Middle English period begins with the Norman conquest at the Battle of
Hastings in 1066, when the duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, defeated
King Harold and became king of England. The Norman invasion England in 1066,
brought French (F) into England. The Normans (North-men, descendants of Danes),
spoke a French influenced by Germanic dialect. This dialect was Norman French.
This led to the unusual situation, in which the common people spoke one language
(English), and the aristocrats another (Norman French). Naturally, the two languages
gradually began to mix into what we now call Middle English.
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Perhaps as a result of the influence of French pronunciation patterns,
unstressed vowels were gradually lost in English. This phonological change had
extreme consequences on the grammar of English. English thus changed from being a
synthetic language to become an analytic language:
– the loss of inflections;
– loss of grammatical gender;
– loss of case system;
– less freedom in word order;
– greater use of prepositions.
Завдання до теми
1. Scandinavian and Norman conquests influence on the development of the English
language.
2. Dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
3. Classification of literary documents.
4. Changes in the verb conjugation. Number and person.
5. Middle English phonetics:
a) vowels; Great vowel shift;
b) consonants .
6. Changes in the morphological classes of Middle English strong and weak verbs.
7. The development of verbal categories.
8. Text The Knights Tale.
Контрольні питання
1. What historical conditions account for increased dialectal divergence in Early ME?
2. Compare the position of the Old Scandinavian and Anglo-Norman (French)
in Early ME.
3. Describe the development of analytical verb forms from modal phrases.
4. Explain the presence of different plural endings in the forms of Middle English verbs.
5. Conjugate the verb been (ME).
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6. In what respects was the OE verb system "simpler" than the Mod E system?
7. Determine the class of the following strong verbs and supply the missing principal
forms:
Pres. Tense
Past sg.
Past pl.
Part. II
NE
stelan
?
?
?
steal
?
scān
?
shine
?
?
æton
?
eat
?
?
?
sunen
sing
ceorfan
?
?
?
carve
wearð
wurdon
worden
'become'
sanc
?
?
sink
?
?
?
liden
glide
?
wōc
?
?
wake
?
?
?
bacen
bake
Література: [4; 6; 5; 8].
Практичне заняття № 7
Tема. Formation of the National Language
Мета: to study internal and external causes which favoured the growth of the national
literary language.
Короткі теоретичні відомості
Two major factors that influenced the language and served to separate Middle and
Modern English were the Great Vowel Shift and the advent of the printing press.
The Great Vowel Shift was a change in pronunciation that began around 1400.
During the next two centuries there was a great influx of people into the London region and
the different dialects began to affect the pronunciation patterns of the standard. While
modern English speakers can read Chaucer with some difficulty, Chaucer's pronunciation
20
would have been completely unintelligible to the modern ear. Shakespeare, on the other
hand, would be accented, but understandable.
In short we can summarise the vowel shift as a process which led to long vowel
sounds being raised and diphthongised. Chaucer's Lyf (pronounced /lif/), for example
became the modern life. The principal changes were roughly the following — though
exceptions occur; the transitions were not always complete.
/a:/ -> /e:/ (in e.g. make)
/e:/ -> /i:/ (in e.g. feet)
/i:/ -> /ai/ (in e.g. mice)
/o:/ -> /u:/ (in e.g. boot)
/u:/ -> /au/ (in e.g. mouse)
The last major factor in the development of Modern English was the advent of the
printing press. William Caxton brought the printing press to England in 1476 which
brought standardization to English. Note that much of this standardization in spelling took
place before the Great Vowel shift was completed, and old pronunciation patterns are often
reflected in English spelling.
Завдання до теми
1. The London dialect as a basis of the National English Language.
2. The formation of the spoken and written standards.
3. The spread of English in the Middle English period.
4. Shakespeare's Language.
5. Lexics and borrowings.
Контрольні питання
1. Account for the shift of the dialect type of the speech of London in the 14 th c.
2. Describe the events of external history which favoured the growth of the national literary
language.
3. Analyse the country of borrowing words.
magazine, waltz, microscope, locate, transparent, landscape, marine, restaurant, pollute,
evident.
Література: [4; 6; 5; 10].
21
3 ПИТАННЯ ДО ІСПИТУ
1. The subject of the English language history:
а) the purpose of the history of English;
в) connection of history of English with other disciplines (history, grammar, phonetics, lexicology,
translation etc.);
с) internal and external causes of the English language development; laws of language
development; the comperative-historical method in linguistics.
2. Different approaches to language development. Synchrony and diachrony.
3. Periods in the English language history:
а) Henry Sweet (1845-1912) and his division of the English language history;
в) important events in the social and political life of England as boundaries between the periods on
the English language development;
с) general characteristics of the main periods in the English language history.
4. Pre- Germanic Britain. Beginning of English Early feudalism in Britain. Christianity.
5. The runic alphabet and runic inscriptions.
6. Old English manuscripts: the Latin alphabet in Old English. Old English manuscripts written in
Latin characters.
7. Old English dialects and principal Old English written records.
8. King Alfred's (849-900) activities.
9. Old English poetry: Literature in Wessex dialect in the 9-10th centuries.
10. Word-stress in Old English.
11. System of vowels:
a) short front vowel phonemes i, e, y, æ;
b) long front vowel phonemes: i = [i:],e = [e:], æ = [æ:],e = [y:];
c) short back vowel phonemes: a, u, o, a (before m, n);
d) long back vowel phonemes: a = [a:],u = [u:],o = [o:];
e) short diphthongs: ea = [æa], eo = [eo], ie = [ie], io = [io];
f) long diphthongs: ea = [æ:a], eo = [e:o], io = [i:o], ie = [i:e].
12. The main Processes in the Old English vowel System:
22
а) Old English Fracture (Breaking);
в) Mutation, or Umlaut;
с) Palatalisation;
d) Vowel Lengthening;
e) Contraction.
13. The system of consonants.
14. Nominal Grammatical categories: gender, number, case in Old English.
15. Noun declensions: a-stem, o-stems, i-stems, u-stems, n-stems, root-stems nouns.
16. The Pronoun: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, possessive relative pronouns.
17. The adjective: declensions (strong and weak); degrees of comparison; form building means of
degrees.
18. Grammatical categories of the verb:
a) the categories of finite forms (number, person, mood, tense). Verb conjugation;
b) the categories of non-finite forms. Participle I. The Infinitive, Participle II;
c) the problem of voice distinctions in Old English;
d) the problems of aspect in Old English;
e) analytical forms in Old English.
19. Morphological classification of verbs:
a) general division;
b) strong verbs (7 classes).Weak verbs (3 classes);
c) suppletive, anomalous, preterite-present verbs.
20. Etymology:
a) native words;
b) borrowings (Latin, Celtic).
21. Morphological, syntactic and semantic types of word-formation.
22. Semantic and stylistic characteristics of the Old English word-stock:
a) stylistically neutral words;
b) poetic words;
c) learned words.
23. Word order. Simple and complex sentences.
23
24. Scandinavian and Norman conquests influence on the development of the English
language.
25. Dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
26. Classification of literary documents.
27. Changes in the verb conjugation. Number and person.
28. Middle English phonetics:
a) vowels; Great Vowel Shift;
b) consonants .
29. Changes in the morphological classes of Middle English strong and weak verbs.
30. The development of verbal categories.
31. The London dialect as a basis of the National English Language.
32. The formation of the spoken and written standards.
33. The spread of English in the Middle English period.
34. Shakespeare's Language.
35. Lexics and borrowings.
Практичні завдання
1. Text: The Knights Tale.
2. Text: The Will of Badanoth Beotting.
3. Text: The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part I.
4. Text: The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English people Part II.
5. The Reading of Old English Charters.
6. Text: Orosius.
7. Text: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
24
КРИТЕРІЇ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЗНАНЬ СТУДЕНТА З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ
«ІСТОРІЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ» 2 КУРС
Лекції
10
Поточний
контроль
50
Модульна к/р –
Практичні заняття
20
Іспит
Загалом
Відвідування – 7
20
100
10
Конспект - 5
ККР – 20
Активність - 8
Реферат – 10
Опитування - 10
25
СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Алексеева Л.С. Введение в германскую филологию. – М.: ВШ, 1964.– 465с.
2. Аракин В.Д. Очерки по истории английского языка. – М.: 1965.– 400 с.
3. Арсеньева Л.С. Введение в германскую филологию. – М.: ВШ, 1980.–345 с.
4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб. : «Лань», 1999. –
466 с.
5. Лінський С.С. Історія англійської літературної мови. – Дніпропетровськ : ДДУ,
1976. – 367 с.
6. Расторгуева И.А., Жданова И.Ф. Нistory of the English Language. – М.: 1972. – 398
с.
7. Смирницкий А.Г. История английского языка. – М.: 1965. – 470 с.
8. Ярцева В.Н. Развитие национального литературного английского языка. – М.:
1969. – 456 с.
9. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language. – Cambridge, 1999.
– 897 с.
10.Gramley, St., Pätzold, K-M. A survey of Modern English. – London. : Routledge, 1996.
– 656 с.
11. Ilyish B.A. History of the English Language. – M.: Просвещение,1973.– 457 с.
12. Wyld C.A. History of Modern Colloquial English. – Oxford :1953. – 389 с.
26
Додаток А
READER
OLD ENGLISH TEXTS. ANALYSIS. EXTRA INFORMATION.
SOME FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR
To modern eyes and ears, Old English grammar provides a fascinating mixture of
the familiar and the unfamiliar. The word order is much more varied than it would be in
Modern English, bur there are several places where it is strikingly similar. Adjectives
usually go before their nouns, as do prepositions, articles, and other grammatical words,
just as they do today. Sometimes, whole sentences are identical in the order of words, or
nearly so, as can be seen from the word-for-word translation in the Cædmon text below.
The main syntactic differences affect the placing of the verb, which quite often appears
before the subject, and also at the very end of the clause – a noticeable feature of this
particular story. In Modern English, word order is relatively fixed. The reason Old English
order could vary so much is that the relationships between the parts of the sentence were
signalled by other means. Like other Germam languages, Old English was inflected: the
job a word did in the sentence was signalled by the kind of ending it had. Today, most of
these inflections have died away leaving the modern reader with the major task of getting
used to the word endings, in order to understand the Old English texts. It is necessary to
learn the different forms taken by the verbs, nouns, pronouns adjectives, and the definite
article. The irregular verbs which change their form from present to past tense, are a
particular problem (as they continue to be, foreign learners), because there are so many
more them. Nonetheless, it should be plain from reading the glosses to the Cædmon extract
that present-day English speakers already have a 'feel' for Old English grammar.
THE CÆDMON STORY
Old English prose provides the clearest way in to analysing the grammar of the
language. This extract is from an Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
(Book 4, Ch. 24). It tells the story of Cædmon, the unlettered cowherd who became
England's first Christian poet, sometime in the late 7th century. The translation dates from
the late 9th century.
27
wæs he se mon in weoruldhade geseted oð þa tide þe he
Was he the man in secular life settled until the time that he
Wæs gelyfdre ylde; ond he næfre nænig leoð geleornode, ond he
was of-advanced age; and he never any poem learned, and he
for þon oft in gebeorscipe, þonne þær wæs blisse intinga
therefore often at banquet, when there was of-joy occasion
gedemed, þæt heo ealle sceolden þurh endebyrdnesse be hearpan
decided, that they all should by arrangement with harp
singan, þonne he geseah þa hearpan him nealecan, þonne aras he
losing, when he saw the harp him approach, then arose he
for scome from þæm symble, ond ham eode to his huse. þa he
for shame from the feast, and home went to his house. When he
þæt þa sumre tide dyde, þæt he forlet þæt hus þæs
that a certain time did, that he left the house of the
gebeorscipes, ond ut wæs gongende to neata scipene,
banquet, and out was going to of-cattle stall
þara heord him wæs þære neahte beboden; þa he ða þær
of which keeping him was that night entrusted; when he there
in gelimplice tide his leomu on reste gesette ond onslepte,
at suitable time his limbs at rest set and fell asleep.
þa stod him sum mon æt þurh swefn, ond hine halette
then stood him a certain man beside in dream, and him hailed
ond grette, ond hine be his noman nemnde, 'Cedmon, sing me
and greeted, and him by his name called. 'Cædmon, sing me
hwæthwugu.' þa ondswarede he, ond cwæð, 'Ne con ic noht
something.' Then answered he, and said, 'Not can I nothing
singan; ond ic for þon of þeossum gebeorscipe ut eode ond hider
sing; and I for that from this banquet out went and hither
gewat, for þon ic naht singan ne cuðe.' Eft he cwæð,
came, because I nothing to sing not knew how. 'Again he spoke,
28
se ðe wið hine sprecende wæs, 'Hwæðre þu meaht me
he that with him speaking was, 'However you can for-me
singan.' þa cwæð he, 'Hwæt sceal ic singan?' Cwæs he, 'Sing
sing.' Then said he, 'What shall I sing?' Said he, 'Sing
me frumsceaft.' þa he ða. þas andsware onfeng, þa ongon he
me creation.' When he this answer received, then began he
sona singan in herenesse Codes Scyppendes, þa fers
immediately to sing in praise of God Creator, those verses
ond þa word þe he næfre gehyrde...
and those words that he never had heard...
WÆS HE SE MON... – Analysis
wæs
The past tense of the verb 'be' has changed little since Old English times, apart from the
loss of the plural ending.
• wæs 'was' 1st/3rdsg.
wære 'were' 2nd sg.
wæron 'were' 1st/2nd/3rd pl.
The present tense forms, however, show several differences. To begin with, Old English
had two sets of words expressing the notion of 'be', one parallel to Latin esse and the other
to Latin fui.
• wæsan
eom 1st sg.
eart 2nd sg.
is 3rd sg.
sind (on) 1st/2nd/3rd pl.
• bēōn
bēōn 1st sg.
bist 2nd sg.
bið 3rd sg.
29
bēōð 1st /2nd /3rd pl.
There were also subjunctive, imperative, and participial forms of both verbs.
There seem to have been several differences in the way the two sets of verbs were used,
though there is insufficient evidence to draw up hard-and-fast rules. The bēōn forms were
preferred in habitual and repetitive contexts, and especially when there was a future
implication. Ælfric's Latin Grammar actually equates eom, eart, is, to Latin sum, es, est,
and bēō, bist, bið to erō, eris, erit. There is a clear example of this difference in one of the
Homilies, where the speaker addresses the Holy Trinity:
ðu ðe æfre wære, and æfre bist, and nu eart, an ælmihtig God... — you who always were, and ever
will be, and now are, one almighty God...
hē
The personal pronoun system had more members than we find in Modern English, and
several of them are well illustrated in this extract (the numbers below refer to lines).
Modern equivalent forms are given below, but these do not capture the way in which the
pronouns were used in Old English, where gender is grammatical: for example, bōc 'book'
is feminine, and would be referred to as heo 'she', whereas mægden 'girl' is neuter, and
would be referred to as hit.
• ic 'I' nom.
mē 'me' acc. / dat.
mīn 'my, mine' gen.
• wē 'we' nom.
ūs 'us' acc./dat.
ūre 'our(s)' gen.
• þū 'thou' (sg.) nom.
þē 'thee' acc./dat.
þīn 'thy, thine' gen.
• gē 'ye' (pl) nom.
ēōw 'you' acc./dat.
ēōwer 'your(s)' gen.
30
• hē 'he' nom.
hine 'him' acc.
his 'his' gen.
him '(to) him' dat.
• hēō 'she' nom.
hī 'her' acc.
hire 'her(s)' gen.
hire '(to) her' dat.
• hit 'it' nom./acc.
his 'its' gen.
him '(to) it' dat.
• hi/hēō 'they/them' nom./acc.
hira 'their(s)' gen.
him '(to) them' dat.
In addition, the language showed the remains of a 'dual' personal pronoun system,
but only in the 1st and 2nd persons. The 1st person form meant 'we two' (nom. wit, acc./dat.
unc, gen. uncer); the 2nd person form 'you two' (nom. git, acc./dat. inc, gen. incer). This
disappeared by the 13th century.
There are obvious correspondences with the modern pronouns in most cases, but not
between the old and modern sets of 3rd person plural forms. The West Saxon forms were
supplanted by Scandinavian forms some time after the Norman Conquest, perhaps because
people felt they needed to make a clear difference in pronunciation between the 3rd person
singular and plural forms - him, in particular, must have been a source of confusion.
Whatever the reason, Viking influence prevailed, and the modern English forms now begin
with th-.
Se
Old English nouns may be masculine, feminine, or neuter, regardless of the biological sex
of their referents. They also appear in nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative forms
depending on their function in the clause. The nominative masculine form of the definite
31
article, se, is seen here with mon (a common spelling for man); the equivalent feminine
form, seo, would be found with hearpe 'harp'; and the equivalent neuter
form, ðæt, would be found with hus. Other forms of the article can be seen in the extractthough it should be noted that articles are not used as much as they would be in Modern
English:
• þā The acc. sg. form of seo, following the preposition oð 'until', or as object of the verb. It
also appears as the acc. pl. of þæt (19, 20).
• þæm (6) The dat. sg. of þæt, following the preposition from.
• þæs (7) The gen. sg. of þæt.
... geseted (verbs)
There are three main kinds of Modern English verbs, and all three can be traced back
to Old English.
1. Those forming their past tense by adding -ed to the root form of the present tense:
jump/jumped. Then as now, the majority of verbs are of this type.
2. Those forming their past tense by changing a vowel in the root form of the present tense:
see/saw. These are called vocalic or 'strong' verbs in Old English grammars, and the
patterned changes in vowel quality which they display are described as vowel gradation or
ablaut.
3. Wholly irregular forms, such as can, will, and be.
Verb inflections
The modern verb has very few inflectional endings. Past tense for regular verbs is marked by
the -ed suffix in all persons; and in the present tense only the 3rd person singular is distinctive (-s).
Old English made far more distinctions, as can be seen from the following paradigm (variation
between different classes of verbs is not shown):
Present tense
ic lufie 'I love'
þū lufast 'you (sg.) love'
hē/hēō/hit lufað 'he/she/it loves'
wē, gē, hī lufiað 'we/you (pl.) they love'
32
Past tense
ic lufode 'I loved'
þu lufodest 'you (sg.) loved'
hē/hē/hit lufode 'he/she/it loved'
wē, gē, hī lufodon 'we/you (pl.)/they loved'
Some of the present tense endings weakened and disappeared soon after the Old English
period. But the 2nd and 3rd person singular forms stayed on, developing into the familiar est and -eth forms of Middle English (lovest, loveth).
There were several other distinctive inflectional features of the Old English verb:
• The infinitive:-an or -ian was added to the root. Examples in the Caedmon text include
singan 'to sing' and nealecan '(to) approach' (5). The infinitive of 'love' was lufian.The use
of a suffix to mark the infinitive was lost during the Middle English period, and the particle
to came to be used as an alternative marker.
• The -ing form: the equivalent form was -end(e). Examples in the text are gongende (8)
'going' and sprecende (16) 'speaking'. This form hardly survives the beginning of the
Middle English period, being replaced by the -ing(e) ending which in Old English had been
restricted to nouns.
• The-ed form: this shows the same kind of vowel changes and endings we see today, but
it also had a special prefix, ge- (as in all other West Germanic languages): the form is well
represented in the Cædmon text, being a past narrative -see geseted 'settled' (1), geleornode
'learned' (2), etc. It stays well into Middle English, but is lost by c. 1500, apart from in
archaisms (such as yclept 'called').
• The subjunctive: unlike in Modern English, this mood was systematically used, but it
had far fewer endings than the indicative. It can be seen especially in subordinate clauses
expressing a subjective attitude. Plural forms in both present and past tenses have a
distinctive -en ending. An example in the text is sceolden 'should' (4).
From King Alfred's translation of the WORLD HISTORY by Orosius (9th c.)
Read the text and the translation. Study the models of analysis and the commentary.
OHTHERE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE AROUND THE NORTH CAPE
33
Ohthere sæde his hlāforde, Ælfrede cynine, þæt hē ealra Norðmanna norþmest
būde. Hē cwæð þæt hē būde on þæm lande norþweardum wiþ þā Westsæ. Hē sæde þēah
þæt þæt land sīe swīþe lan norþ þonan; ac hit is eal wēste, būton on fēawum stōwum
stycce-mælum wīciað Finnas, on huntoðe on wintra and on sumera on fiscaþe be þære sæ.
Word as used in the
Corresponding
A
text
word
Analysis, notes
Translation
NE
Ohthere ['o:xtxere] n prop., Nom. sg; S
Ohthere
sæde
said
v, 3rd p. sg, Past Indef.
SAY
of
secan, w III; P
his
pron pers. Gen. c. ofHIS
hē,
to his
3rd p. sg, M. (or Poss.
pron his)
hlaforde
n, Dat. sg of hlāford, M.-a
LORD
lord
Ælfrede
n prop., Dat. sg; M
Alfred
cynine
KING
n, Dat. sg of cynin, M.-a
king
þæt
conj
that
hē
pron, 3rd p. sg Nom.; SHE
he
ealra
pron indef. Gen. pl of eal
ALL
(of) all
Norðmanna
n, Gen. pl of Norðmann,
NORTHMAN
Northmen
ALFRED
THAT
M. root-stem
norþmest
adv
būde
v, 3rd p. sg Past Indef.relorto BE
NORTHMOST
to the North
lived or had lived
Subj. of būan, anom. v; P
cwæð
v, 3rd p. sg, Past Indef.
QOUTH
of
said
cweðan, str., Cl. 5; P
on
prep
ON
on
þæm
pron dem., Dat. sg, N.
THAT
of
the
sē, sēo, þæt
lande
n, Dat. sg of land, N.-aLAND
land
norþweardum
adj,
to the North
Dat.
sg.
N. NORTHWARDS
of
norðweard
wiþ
prep
WITH
34
of
þā
pron dem. Acc. sg of THAT
sēo,
that (the)
F
Westsæ
n prop. Acc. of Westsæ,
WEST SEA
Atlantic Ocean
sæ, F. i-sfem
þēah
conj
þæt
pron dem., Nom. sg, N.THAT
that
land
n, Nom. sg, N.-a, S
land
sīe
v sg Pres. Subj. of bēon;
BE
THOUGH
LAND
also
is
link-verb
swīþe
adv
—
lan
adj, Nom. sg. N., LONG
str.
very
long
decl.; P
norþ
adv.
NORTH
north
þonan
adv.
THENCE
from there
ac
conj.
—
but
hit
pron pers., 3rd p. sg, Nom.
IT
it
N.; S
is
v 3rd p. sg., Pres. Ind.ISof
is
bēon; link-verb
eal
pron indef., Nom. sg ALL
all
wēste
adj, Nom. sg, N., str. decl.
—
uninhabited
būton
conj
BUT
but
fēawum
adj, Dat. pl of fēaw, FEW
str.
few
decl.
stōwum
n, Dat. pl of stōw, F.-wō
STOW
styccemælum
adv.
wīciað
v, 3rd p. pl Pres. Ind.—of
places
rel to STOCK and MEAL
here and there
live
wīcian, w. II; P
Finnas
n, Nom. pl of Finn, M.-a;
FINN
(the) Finns
S
huntoðe
n, Dat. sg of huntoð, M.-a
rel to HUNT
huntung
wintra
n, Dat. sg of winter, M.-u
WINTER
winter
and
conj
and
sumera
n, Dat. sg of sumor/er,
SUMMER
AND
35
summer
M.-u
fiscaðe
n, Dat. sg of fiscoð/að,
rel to FISH
fishing
M.-a
be
prep
BY
by
þære
pron dem., Dat. sg F.THAT
of
that
sē, sēo, þæt
sæ
n, Dat. sg of sæ, F-i SEA
sea
Notes on Lexis
Etymology. All the words are native, except Finn, name of a non-IE tribe.
Most of the words come from the roots of the common IE layer and have parallels outside
the Germanic group, e. g.:
OE sæde, secan, NE say — Lith. sakyti
OE his, hē, NE he — R ceй
OE cynine, cynin, NE king — L genus
OE Norðmanna, man, NE man — Sanskr manu
OE bude, buan, rel. to beon, NE be — R быть
Word structure and word formation. Most words are simple—either originally or after
the loss of stem suffixes—e. g. hē, eal, būan, cweðan, winter, land, norð, ēac, etc.
Derived words are:
cyn-ing — from the root *kun- plus the suffix –ing.
Compound words: Norð-mann— made up of norð- and mann;
Wesf-sæ— made up of west- and sæ.
From the ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLES (A. D. 911)
Read the text and its translation into Mod E. Make a grammatical analysis of the
italicized words and a phonetic analysis of the words marked with an asterisk according to
the models given for Text 1 (use the Glossary). Write out the words derived from the same
roots and analyse the means of derivation.
36
KING EDWARD AND THE DANES
Hēr bræc sē here on Norðhymbrum þone frið, and forsāwon ælc frið þe Eadweard
cynin and his witan him budon, and herodon ofer Miercna land, and sē cynin hæfde
eadrod sum hund scipa, and wæs þā on Cent, and þā scipu fōron be sūþan ēast andlang
sæ toeanes him. þā wende sē here þæt his fultumes sē mæsta dæl wære on þæm scipum,
and þæt hīe mihten faran unbefohtene þær þær hēe wolden. þā eascode sē cynin þæt þæt
hīe ūt on heroð fōron, þā sende hē his fierd æðer e of Westseaxum e of Miercum, and
hīe offoron ðone here hindan, þā he hāmweard wæs, and him þā wið efuhton and þone
here eflīeindon, and his fela þūsenda ofslōon...
Translation
In this year the host in Northumbria broke that peace, and rejected every peace
which King Edward and his councillors offered them, and they harried over the land of the
Mercians, and the king had gathered about a hundred ships and was then in Kent, and the
ships sailed in the south eastwards along the sea coast towards him (to meet him). Then the
host thought that the greatest part of his army was on those ships, and that they could
journey unopposed there, where they wished. When the king heard that (that) they had
gone out on a raid, then he sent his forces both from Wessex and from Mercia, and they
overtook the host when it was (on the way) homeward and fought with it and put the host
to flight, and killed many thousands (of the host)…
List of Abbreviations
Acc. = Accusative
NE = New English
A. D. = Anno Domini ('of our era')
neg. = negative
adj = adjective
NG = North Germanic
adv = adverb
Nom. = Nominative
Am E -- American English
num. = numeral
anom. = anomalous
O = Object
arch. = archaic
Obj = Objective
art. = article
obs. = obsolete
Br E = British English
OE = Old English
37
c. = century; circa; case
OG = Old Germanic
Celt = Celtic
O Icel = Old Icelandic
cf. = confer
orig. mean. = original meaning
Comm. = Common
OS = Old Saxon
comp. = comparative
O Scand = Old Scandinavian
conj. = conjunction
p. = person
Dat. = Dative
P. = Predicate
decl. = declension
Part. = Participle
def. = definite
Pass. = Passive
dem. = demonstrative
Perf. = Perfect
dial. = dialectal
pers. = personal
E = English
PG = Proto-Germanic
e. g. = exempli gratia = for PIE = Proto-Indo-European
instance
pi = plural
F, Fem. = Feminine
Poss. = Possessive
Fr = French
prep. = preposition
G = German
Pres. = Present
Gen. = Genitive
pret.-pres. = preterite-present
Gt = Gothic
pron. = pronoun
i. e. = id est = that is
prop. = proper
IE = Indo-European
R = Russian
Ind. (Mood) = Indicative (Mood)
rel. (to) = related (to)
indef. = indefinite
S = Subject
inf. = infinitive
Sanskr = Sanskrit
Instr. = Instrumental
sg = singular
Ir = Irish
str. = strong
It = Italian
Subj.
L = Latin
(Mood)
Lith = Lithuanium
superl. = superlative
lit. = literal(ly)
v = verb
38
(Mood)
=
Subjunctive
M, Masc. = Masculine
w = weak
ME = Middle English
WG = West Germanic
mod. = modern
WS = West Saxon
Mod E = Modern English
1st 1st person
n = noun
2nd
2nd person
N, Neut. = Neuter
3rd
3rd person
39