Download New Agriculture

Ch 10
Section 1
New Agriculture
 Food production increased because of political
stability, climate change, inventions, and innovation.
 Inventions & innovations included the horseshoe, a
horse collar, the Carruca, waterpower, wind power,
and the three-field system.
Manorial System
 A new agriculture system arose. The “Manor” was an
agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by
peasants.
 Serfs, or peasants legally bound to the land provided
rent and labor.
 Peasants were required to pay their local village
church a tithe, which was ten percent of their produce.
Daily Life
 Each year’s cycle of harvesting began in October
when they ground for winter planting.
 Peasants celebrated several feast days associated
with Christianity.
 The three most important were Christmas, Easter and
Pentecost.
Revival of Trade
 In order to encourage trade between Flanders and
Italy, the counts of Champagne initiated a series of
trade fairs in the chief towns of the territory.
 Slowly a money economy, or economic system based
on currency rather than barter, emerged.
 This led to commercial capitalism, an economic
system in which people make a profit based on
investments in trade and goods.
Growth of Cities
 Merchants and artisans living in walled cities came to
be called burghers or bourgeoisie, from the German
word burg, meaning “a walled enclosure.”
 The Patricians were the members of the wealthiest
and most powerful “burghers”.
 Elections for city council in medieval cities were often
carefully rigged to make sure that only patricians were
elected.
Daily Life in Medieval City
 In cities the danger of fire was great and water
pollution was rampant.
Industry and Guilds
 Craftsmen began organizing guilds, or business
associations, to set production standards and quality.
 A person who wanted to learn a craft was called an
apprentice.
 After they learned it, they became a journeyman.
 Once a journeyman created a masterpiece, they were
considered a master and could join the guild.
Section 2
Papal Monarchy
 The Pope at this time was a political force, as well as
a religious force, which controlled a nation called the
Papal States.
 Lay investiture, a practice by which secular rulers
chose nominees for church offices and gave them the
symbols of their office was used during this time.
 The struggle between Henry the IV and Gregory VII
was known as the Investiture Controversy.
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 Finally, in 1122 each side reached an agreement
called the Concordat of Worms.
 Under Pope Innocent III the church reached its
political height.
 To achieve his political ends, Pope Innocent III often
used an interdict, which prohibited priests from giving
the sacraments of the Church to a particular group of
people.
New Religious Orders
 One of the most important and strict Christian orders
was the Cistercians.
 Hildegard of Bingen was a composer and important
contributor to Gregorian chant.
 Hildegard of Bingen’s work is especially remarkable
because she succeeded in a man’s world.
 By starting the Franciscan order, St. Francis of Assisi
abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to
live and preach in poverty.
 Dominic de Guzman wanted to defend the Church
from heresy. Therefore, he started the Inquisition
court to find and try heretics.
 He believed the best way to attack heresy was the
formation of a new religious order called the
Dominicans, who lived in poverty and preached
effectively.
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
 The role of saints was closely tied to relics. Relics are
bones of objects connected with saints that were
considered worthy of worship.
Section 3
Rise of Universities
 Most early universities were based on law, medicine,
or theology.
 The chief task of scholasticism was to harmonize
Christian teachings with the works of the Greek
philosophers.
 Saint Thomas Aquinas attempted scholasticism
combining Aristotle with Christianity.
Vernacular Literature
 Vernacular literature was literature written in the local
language of everyday speech.
 Another type of vernacular literature was the heroic
epic, or chanson de geste.
Section 4
Late middle Ages
Black Death
 The Black Death killed nearly 38 million people,
resulting in severe economic consequences.
Decline of Church Power
 A Great Schism or split occurred in the Catholic
Church due to a struggle between Pope Boniface and
French King Phillip IV.
 Phillip refused to accept the pope and engineered the
election of his own pope, called Clement V.
 A church council finally met in Switzerland in 1417
and ended the schism.
 John Hus was accused of heresy by the Council of
Constance and burned at the stake for his attempt at
church reform due to the schism.
Hundred Years War
 Initiated by England, eventually won by the French.
 Henry V defeated the French at the Battle of
Agincourt
 Joan of Arc brought the Hundred Years’ War to a
decisive turning point by inspiring the French with her
faith.
 After the Hundred Years’ War, England faced more
turmoil from the War of the Roses.
Political Recovery
 Louis XI used the taille, a permanent tax, to
create the foundations of a strong French
monarchy.
 A Taille an annual direct tax, usually on land or
property
 Spain’s two strongest kingdoms, Castile and
Aragon, were united when Isabella married
Ferdinand.