Uniform Inhibition of Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental
... action potential occurred in a burst was also reduced during the pinch (Fig. 3C), which shows that the reduction in burst number is not simply a result of a reduction in the number of action potentials. We found no correlation between the effects of the aversive stimulus on firing rate and bursts [c ...
... action potential occurred in a burst was also reduced during the pinch (Fig. 3C), which shows that the reduction in burst number is not simply a result of a reduction in the number of action potentials. We found no correlation between the effects of the aversive stimulus on firing rate and bursts [c ...
Microglial Phagocytosis Induced by FibrillarЯ
... We established a phagocytosis assay that measures ligandstimulated phagocytosis through the bulk phase uptake of fluorescent microspheres to examine the phagocytic response in microglia (Koenigsknecht and Landreth, 2004). BV-2 microglial cells were used because they have been proven to faithfully mi ...
... We established a phagocytosis assay that measures ligandstimulated phagocytosis through the bulk phase uptake of fluorescent microspheres to examine the phagocytic response in microglia (Koenigsknecht and Landreth, 2004). BV-2 microglial cells were used because they have been proven to faithfully mi ...
AINR
... unbiased technique in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and semantic dementia (SD). In AD, ROI analyses appear more sensitive to volume loss in the amygdalae, whereas VBM analyses appear more sensitive to right middle temporal gyrus and regional hippocampal volume loss. In SD, ROI analyses appear more sensit ...
... unbiased technique in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and semantic dementia (SD). In AD, ROI analyses appear more sensitive to volume loss in the amygdalae, whereas VBM analyses appear more sensitive to right middle temporal gyrus and regional hippocampal volume loss. In SD, ROI analyses appear more sensit ...
AP-1 proteins in the adult brain: facts and fiction about e
... neuroregeneration, and these functions mainly refer to cJun and its activation by JNKs. Apoptotic functions of activated c-Jun aect hippocampal, nigral and primary cultured neurons following excitotoxic stimulation and destruction of the neuron-target-axis including withdrawal of trophic molecules. ...
... neuroregeneration, and these functions mainly refer to cJun and its activation by JNKs. Apoptotic functions of activated c-Jun aect hippocampal, nigral and primary cultured neurons following excitotoxic stimulation and destruction of the neuron-target-axis including withdrawal of trophic molecules. ...
Simvastatin protects ischemic spinal cord injury from cell death and
... (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been shown to minimize the severity of ischemia–reperfusion injury in many organs including the brain, heart, kidney, and lung [10–14]. Statins attenuate neuronal injury and promote neurologic recovery after cerebral ischemia in experimental animal models and in ...
... (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been shown to minimize the severity of ischemia–reperfusion injury in many organs including the brain, heart, kidney, and lung [10–14]. Statins attenuate neuronal injury and promote neurologic recovery after cerebral ischemia in experimental animal models and in ...
Chromatin and nuclear architecture in the nervous system
... expression, histone deacetylation and the accumulation of laminar proteins at the tethered site [37], although some genes escape silencing [38,39]. These studies strongly link nuclear positioning of gene loci with activity and function. Recently, pairing between different or homologous gene loci has ...
... expression, histone deacetylation and the accumulation of laminar proteins at the tethered site [37], although some genes escape silencing [38,39]. These studies strongly link nuclear positioning of gene loci with activity and function. Recently, pairing between different or homologous gene loci has ...
mirror neurons: our current understanding
... (2009) propose that their findings contribute to the body of evidence that supports a human mirror neuron system, they do caution that further research must be carried out as a voxel contains millions of neurons. Stronger evidence from Mukamel et al.’s (2010) report suggests that multiple systems in ...
... (2009) propose that their findings contribute to the body of evidence that supports a human mirror neuron system, they do caution that further research must be carried out as a voxel contains millions of neurons. Stronger evidence from Mukamel et al.’s (2010) report suggests that multiple systems in ...
Replication of scrapie and BSE prions in mites.
... and additional ice-cold acetone added to achieve a ratio of 13.3ml of acetone to 1g of brain. The suspension was maintained on ice for one hour with stirring, filtered and the protein fraction air-dried. Contamination of mite cultures with PrPSC or PrPBSE Mites were routinely cultured on wheatgerm f ...
... and additional ice-cold acetone added to achieve a ratio of 13.3ml of acetone to 1g of brain. The suspension was maintained on ice for one hour with stirring, filtered and the protein fraction air-dried. Contamination of mite cultures with PrPSC or PrPBSE Mites were routinely cultured on wheatgerm f ...
Neurochemistry of identified motoneurons of the tensor tympani
... (Fig. 2). They were included in the immunopositive neurons when their staining was clearly above background as judged from higher magnifications (see Fig. 2 c,d and g,h). The immunofluorescence was not restricted to FG-labelled neurons but was observed also in neighboring neurons and in other brain re ...
... (Fig. 2). They were included in the immunopositive neurons when their staining was clearly above background as judged from higher magnifications (see Fig. 2 c,d and g,h). The immunofluorescence was not restricted to FG-labelled neurons but was observed also in neighboring neurons and in other brain re ...
Document
... burgdorferi induced Lyme disease. CDC wrongfully includes five non-specific cross-reacting antibodies in its Western Blot surveillance criteria: 28 41 45 58 and 66. This leads to the possibility of false positive Lyme Western Blots. There can be no false positives if only Borrelia burgdorferi genus ...
... burgdorferi induced Lyme disease. CDC wrongfully includes five non-specific cross-reacting antibodies in its Western Blot surveillance criteria: 28 41 45 58 and 66. This leads to the possibility of false positive Lyme Western Blots. There can be no false positives if only Borrelia burgdorferi genus ...
TLA _Axioms
... It is very unsafe to come out into the street from between parked cars. Cross only at crossings, drivers aren't looking for you anywhere else. The U.S.Department of Transportation has reported that alcohol is involved in about 24,000 of all highway fatalities in the U.S. every year. All traffic acci ...
... It is very unsafe to come out into the street from between parked cars. Cross only at crossings, drivers aren't looking for you anywhere else. The U.S.Department of Transportation has reported that alcohol is involved in about 24,000 of all highway fatalities in the U.S. every year. All traffic acci ...
Transmission across a Synapse
... Released from synaptic vesicles into synapse Diffuse across synapse Toward dendrite of adjacent neuron ...
... Released from synaptic vesicles into synapse Diffuse across synapse Toward dendrite of adjacent neuron ...
Neuropathology of NFHgp160 Transgenic Mice
... several types, arachidonic acid, quinolate, plateletactivated factor, nitric oxide synthetase and others (38), potentially targeting the neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (37, 39). Apoptosis (40–44) and necrosis (38) were also put forward as mechanisms of neuronal loss. Finally, axonal damage ...
... several types, arachidonic acid, quinolate, plateletactivated factor, nitric oxide synthetase and others (38), potentially targeting the neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (37, 39). Apoptosis (40–44) and necrosis (38) were also put forward as mechanisms of neuronal loss. Finally, axonal damage ...
Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood
... ligand of a transporter is roughly about 10 times higher than would be expected if it crossed by transmembrane diffusion [18]. Additionally, many of the transporters for regulatory molecules, such as peptides and regulatory proteins, are taken up selectively by specific brain regions [19,20]. Thus, ...
... ligand of a transporter is roughly about 10 times higher than would be expected if it crossed by transmembrane diffusion [18]. Additionally, many of the transporters for regulatory molecules, such as peptides and regulatory proteins, are taken up selectively by specific brain regions [19,20]. Thus, ...
the ethics of fetal tissue transplants
... Parkinson’s disease is a devastating neurologic disorder that occurs when neurons degenerate in the region of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Normally, fibers from these cells secrete the chemical dopamine in forebrain regions important for regulating movement. In the absence of normal dop ...
... Parkinson’s disease is a devastating neurologic disorder that occurs when neurons degenerate in the region of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Normally, fibers from these cells secrete the chemical dopamine in forebrain regions important for regulating movement. In the absence of normal dop ...
Neuronal glycogen synthesis contributes to physiological aging
... conclude that the PGBs detected by PAS staining (not shown in Fig. 2A for clarity) in aged wild-type and malinKO brains were also positive for ubiquitin, HSP70, and AGEP, while comparable accumulation of these markers was not detected in any region of aged MGSKO mouse brains (Figs 2A and S5). It is ...
... conclude that the PGBs detected by PAS staining (not shown in Fig. 2A for clarity) in aged wild-type and malinKO brains were also positive for ubiquitin, HSP70, and AGEP, while comparable accumulation of these markers was not detected in any region of aged MGSKO mouse brains (Figs 2A and S5). It is ...
Function of Nerfin-1 in preventing medulla neurons
... Furthermore, medulla neurons (Dpn-/Ase-/Mira-) were generated normally at 16 h with Ase and Mira expression suppressed (Fig. 4Ad-d’’, Supplementary Fig. S2). However, they began to dedifferentiate soon, as weak Dpn staining was detected in several clones (Fig. 4Ae-e’’). On the other hand, ectopic M ...
... Furthermore, medulla neurons (Dpn-/Ase-/Mira-) were generated normally at 16 h with Ase and Mira expression suppressed (Fig. 4Ad-d’’, Supplementary Fig. S2). However, they began to dedifferentiate soon, as weak Dpn staining was detected in several clones (Fig. 4Ae-e’’). On the other hand, ectopic M ...
Feature Competition in a Spike-Based Winner-Take
... population also reflects the highest input activity to the population. Hence we are able to use the four inhibitory neurons from the four populations to compete against one another through an additional global inhibitory neuron in each population for the feature competition task. In this computation ...
... population also reflects the highest input activity to the population. Hence we are able to use the four inhibitory neurons from the four populations to compete against one another through an additional global inhibitory neuron in each population for the feature competition task. In this computation ...
Is Epilepsy a Progressive Disease? The Neurobiological
... to be somatostatin positive. In complementary studies using the chronic perforant path stimulation model, which replicates both loss of inhibition and hilar injury seen in epilepsy, we have shown Erk 1/2 activation within hours of the initiation of stimulation in dentate granule cells, subgranular l ...
... to be somatostatin positive. In complementary studies using the chronic perforant path stimulation model, which replicates both loss of inhibition and hilar injury seen in epilepsy, we have shown Erk 1/2 activation within hours of the initiation of stimulation in dentate granule cells, subgranular l ...
Whey protein ingestion and muscle protein anabolism in elderly
... synthesize, such as the amino acid leucine, are the most important stimuli of these molecular processes. High quality proteins have a large EAAs content. In young individuals, a slow absorbed protein, such as casein, is associated with greater whole body protein accumulation compared to a situation ...
... synthesize, such as the amino acid leucine, are the most important stimuli of these molecular processes. High quality proteins have a large EAAs content. In young individuals, a slow absorbed protein, such as casein, is associated with greater whole body protein accumulation compared to a situation ...
Congenital disorders of autophagy: an emerging
... essential intracellular pathways that deliver cytosolic cargo to lysosomes for degradation (reviewed in Ravikumar et al., 2010; Klionsky et al., 2011; Kaushik and Cuervo, 2012; Feng et al., 2014) (see Supplementary Table 1 for a glossary of autophagy-related molecules and processes). At least three ...
... essential intracellular pathways that deliver cytosolic cargo to lysosomes for degradation (reviewed in Ravikumar et al., 2010; Klionsky et al., 2011; Kaushik and Cuervo, 2012; Feng et al., 2014) (see Supplementary Table 1 for a glossary of autophagy-related molecules and processes). At least three ...
CONSENSUS TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LATE-ONSET POMPE DISEASE AANEM PRACTICE TOPIC
... nonlysosomal glycogen in multiple tissues20–22 (Fig. 2). In infantile-onset Pompe disease, GAA enzyme activity is either completely or nearly completely absent (typically <1% of normal activity in skin fibroblasts). Some residual enzyme activity (approximately 2–40% of normal activity in skin fibrobl ...
... nonlysosomal glycogen in multiple tissues20–22 (Fig. 2). In infantile-onset Pompe disease, GAA enzyme activity is either completely or nearly completely absent (typically <1% of normal activity in skin fibroblasts). Some residual enzyme activity (approximately 2–40% of normal activity in skin fibrobl ...
An Evolving Nutrition Focus: Rediscovering Protein`s Role in the
... proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water are necessary to sustain life in mammals. The term “protein” was coined in 1838 by Gerrit Jan Mulder, a Netherlands physician and chemist who was one of the first to promote the “optimum” human diet – emphasizing moderation, neither too little nor too much. “Co ...
... proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water are necessary to sustain life in mammals. The term “protein” was coined in 1838 by Gerrit Jan Mulder, a Netherlands physician and chemist who was one of the first to promote the “optimum” human diet – emphasizing moderation, neither too little nor too much. “Co ...
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes. Such diseases are incurable, resulting in progressive degeneration and/or death of neuron cells. As research progresses, many similarities appear that relate these diseases to one another on a sub-cellular level. Discovering these similarities offers hope for therapeutic advances that could ameliorate many diseases simultaneously. There are many parallels between different neurodegenerative disorders including atypical protein assemblies as well as induced cell death. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuitry ranging from molecular to systemic.