INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS: IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
... importance associated with losses from production inefficiencies and mortality. Live and inactivated oil emulsion vaccines have been used in IB immunization programs. Although commercial live vaccines have been attenuated, respiratory reactions are commonly observed after vaccination. Replication of ...
... importance associated with losses from production inefficiencies and mortality. Live and inactivated oil emulsion vaccines have been used in IB immunization programs. Although commercial live vaccines have been attenuated, respiratory reactions are commonly observed after vaccination. Replication of ...
Modelling the impact of co-circulating low pathogenic avian
... competition (Ojosnegros et al., 2012), it is anticipated that immunemediated competition for susceptible hosts will favour infection with LPAI viruses over HPAI viruses because of their comparatively low virulence, longer associated infectious periods, and consequently greater population-level trans ...
... competition (Ojosnegros et al., 2012), it is anticipated that immunemediated competition for susceptible hosts will favour infection with LPAI viruses over HPAI viruses because of their comparatively low virulence, longer associated infectious periods, and consequently greater population-level trans ...
diatherix test panels - Diatherix`s laboratory
... • labeled with two identifiers, preferably with the patient’s name and barcode label which matches the requisition. • intact, in the proper container and not leaking. • in the appropriate specimen transport media. • within the specimen transport stability range of 5 days, at ambient temperature, ...
... • labeled with two identifiers, preferably with the patient’s name and barcode label which matches the requisition. • intact, in the proper container and not leaking. • in the appropriate specimen transport media. • within the specimen transport stability range of 5 days, at ambient temperature, ...
Chronological overview of the 2009/2010 H1N1 influenza
... The Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb) was set up to coordinate – at national level and wherever necessary – the prevention and control of outbreaks of infectious diseases. These outbreaks usually occur at local, regional or supraregional level and hardly ever on a national or international ...
... The Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb) was set up to coordinate – at national level and wherever necessary – the prevention and control of outbreaks of infectious diseases. These outbreaks usually occur at local, regional or supraregional level and hardly ever on a national or international ...
Immunization 5
... Derived from the Oka strain Dose is 0.5 ml by sc route; minimum infectious virus content should be 1,000 PFU Supplied in lyophilized form Should be protected from light and needs to be used within 30 minutes of its reconstitution May be given with all other childhood vaccines Recommendation: two dos ...
... Derived from the Oka strain Dose is 0.5 ml by sc route; minimum infectious virus content should be 1,000 PFU Supplied in lyophilized form Should be protected from light and needs to be used within 30 minutes of its reconstitution May be given with all other childhood vaccines Recommendation: two dos ...
Education for Students - American Pharmacists Association
... Influenza viruses change surface antigens to evade the immune system. Type A viruses have two major antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Two major types of antigenic change are known: antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Antigenic drift occurs continuously. It results in frequent minor ...
... Influenza viruses change surface antigens to evade the immune system. Type A viruses have two major antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Two major types of antigenic change are known: antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Antigenic drift occurs continuously. It results in frequent minor ...
PDF printable version of Appendix 4: Commonly asked questions
... routinely recommended, with the exception of specific recommendations for meningococcal B vaccine in infants <2 years of age (refer to 4.10 Meningococcal disease). However, if an infant, child or adult has a fever of >38.5°C following vaccination or has pain at the injection site, paracetamol can be ...
... routinely recommended, with the exception of specific recommendations for meningococcal B vaccine in infants <2 years of age (refer to 4.10 Meningococcal disease). However, if an infant, child or adult has a fever of >38.5°C following vaccination or has pain at the injection site, paracetamol can be ...
Surveillance of low pathogenic avian influenza in layer chickens
... Avian influenza in poultry Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious disease of poultry caused by Influenza A viruses (AIv). These viruses are classified into different antigenic subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). To date, sixteen H and nine N subtype ...
... Avian influenza in poultry Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious disease of poultry caused by Influenza A viruses (AIv). These viruses are classified into different antigenic subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). To date, sixteen H and nine N subtype ...
Persistence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)
... Expf 1: This experiment was performed to determine the changes in the total virus content in the scallops after injection. Ten scallops were each inoculated with 1 ml of a viral suspension diluted in EMEM having a titer of 10 7 .0 TCID so ml- l . Equal portions of the viral suspension were injected ...
... Expf 1: This experiment was performed to determine the changes in the total virus content in the scallops after injection. Ten scallops were each inoculated with 1 ml of a viral suspension diluted in EMEM having a titer of 10 7 .0 TCID so ml- l . Equal portions of the viral suspension were injected ...
Foodborne Viruses - International Life Sciences Institute
... studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric RNA viruses (i.e. HAV, for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather tha ...
... studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric RNA viruses (i.e. HAV, for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather tha ...
press kit - Sanofi Pasteur
... authorities around the world at release stage. Producing influenza vaccines is made even more complex as influenza viruses evolve seasonally. Not all influenza is the same and a vaccine that is highly effective one year may offer only minimal protection the next year. Type A and Type B are the influ ...
... authorities around the world at release stage. Producing influenza vaccines is made even more complex as influenza viruses evolve seasonally. Not all influenza is the same and a vaccine that is highly effective one year may offer only minimal protection the next year. Type A and Type B are the influ ...
Pandemic - The Cambridge Risk Framework
... São Paulo Virus Pandemic Scenario The São Paulo Virus Pandemic Scenario envisions a fictional strain ‘H8N8’ of an influenza virus, which is very infectious and moderately virulent. The illness debilitates its victims for weeks, inflicting massive damage on society, though it is only fatal in a third ...
... São Paulo Virus Pandemic Scenario The São Paulo Virus Pandemic Scenario envisions a fictional strain ‘H8N8’ of an influenza virus, which is very infectious and moderately virulent. The illness debilitates its victims for weeks, inflicting massive damage on society, though it is only fatal in a third ...
Classification of Vaccines
... was to use a virus pathogenic in a different host but not pathogenic to humans, as he isolated pus from cows with cowpox, and this provided the basis for his smallpox vaccine (Riedel 2005). Naturally occurring attenuated strains can also be used, exemplified by the use of type 2 poliovirus. Attenuat ...
... was to use a virus pathogenic in a different host but not pathogenic to humans, as he isolated pus from cows with cowpox, and this provided the basis for his smallpox vaccine (Riedel 2005). Naturally occurring attenuated strains can also be used, exemplified by the use of type 2 poliovirus. Attenuat ...
Protecting an island nation from extreme pandemic threats
... WHO: those interventions with a cost per QALY gained that is less than the country’s GDP per capita can be considered very cost-beneficial [14]. For this analysis, that equates to a relatively conservative cost-effectiveness threshold of NZ$45,000 per QALY gained (for year 2011; $US30,000 adjusted f ...
... WHO: those interventions with a cost per QALY gained that is less than the country’s GDP per capita can be considered very cost-beneficial [14]. For this analysis, that equates to a relatively conservative cost-effectiveness threshold of NZ$45,000 per QALY gained (for year 2011; $US30,000 adjusted f ...
Chapter 19: VIRUSES
... virions. The envelope around the capsid of some viruses is formed by budding of the host plasma membrane. New viral particles are released from host cell by budding or exocytosis (for enveloped viruses, enclosed in a portion of the host cell membrane) or by lysis or rupture ...
... virions. The envelope around the capsid of some viruses is formed by budding of the host plasma membrane. New viral particles are released from host cell by budding or exocytosis (for enveloped viruses, enclosed in a portion of the host cell membrane) or by lysis or rupture ...
PDF
... A highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) has been confirmed in 420 human cases and has caused 257 deaths in the world starting from 2003. Using face-to-face interviews, our data were collected by utilizing a stratified sampling scheme following the distribution of gender and age in th ...
... A highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) has been confirmed in 420 human cases and has caused 257 deaths in the world starting from 2003. Using face-to-face interviews, our data were collected by utilizing a stratified sampling scheme following the distribution of gender and age in th ...
Outbreak Management Guidelines for Health Care Facilities
... The Ontario Hospital Associate states “HCWs have a responsibility to their residents and colleagues regarding not working when ill with symptoms that are likely attributable to an infectious disease. This includes staff with influenza-like illness, febrile respiratory illness, gastroenteritis and co ...
... The Ontario Hospital Associate states “HCWs have a responsibility to their residents and colleagues regarding not working when ill with symptoms that are likely attributable to an infectious disease. This includes staff with influenza-like illness, febrile respiratory illness, gastroenteritis and co ...
SOME PROPERTIES OF ROSE MOSAIC VIRUS FROM SOUTH
... two regions. The Australian isolates studied have very much narrower host ranges. At present, rose mosaic does not appear to be a well-defined disease. Fry and Hunter (1956) and Hunter (1965) recognized three types of symptoms on rose which they considered to be caused by different viruses but never ...
... two regions. The Australian isolates studied have very much narrower host ranges. At present, rose mosaic does not appear to be a well-defined disease. Fry and Hunter (1956) and Hunter (1965) recognized three types of symptoms on rose which they considered to be caused by different viruses but never ...
PDF
... Transmission of the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) by birds migrating from Asian countries to the European and African continents has caused a worldwide alert. Dating back to late 2003, the damage caused from the H5N1 avian influenza has not faded away; on the contrary, major ...
... Transmission of the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) by birds migrating from Asian countries to the European and African continents has caused a worldwide alert. Dating back to late 2003, the damage caused from the H5N1 avian influenza has not faded away; on the contrary, major ...
Virulence correlates with fitness in vivo for two M group genotypes of
... small number of infected hosts examined; typically less than 10 animals. Natural viral infections are likely to show high levels of variation in viral dynamics, and indeed this phenomenon was observed in the above mentioned, as well as other in vivo studies (Burke et al., 2006; Munster et al., 2009; ...
... small number of infected hosts examined; typically less than 10 animals. Natural viral infections are likely to show high levels of variation in viral dynamics, and indeed this phenomenon was observed in the above mentioned, as well as other in vivo studies (Burke et al., 2006; Munster et al., 2009; ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... The influenza A virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA virus that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A is comprised of eight genes, which encode at least eleven different proteins (Horimoto and Kawaoka, 2005; Steinhauer and Skehel, 2002; Subbarao and Joseph, 2007). T ...
... The influenza A virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense segmented RNA virus that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A is comprised of eight genes, which encode at least eleven different proteins (Horimoto and Kawaoka, 2005; Steinhauer and Skehel, 2002; Subbarao and Joseph, 2007). T ...
Review New antiviral drugs, vaccines and classic public health
... In the opening years of the 21st century, the world community has already experienced two new clinical syndromes caused by coronaviruses (Drosten et al., 2003; Peiris et al., 2003a; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2003; van der Hoek et al., 2004; Zhong et al., 2003), three recurring and serious ou ...
... In the opening years of the 21st century, the world community has already experienced two new clinical syndromes caused by coronaviruses (Drosten et al., 2003; Peiris et al., 2003a; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2003; van der Hoek et al., 2004; Zhong et al., 2003), three recurring and serious ou ...
The evolutionary dynamics of receptor binding avidity
... recently, amino acid substitutions in epitope regions of the viral haemagglutinin were thought to be positively selected for their ability to reduce antibody binding and therefore were thought to be responsible for driving antigenic drift. However, a recent hypothesis put forward by Hensley and co-w ...
... recently, amino acid substitutions in epitope regions of the viral haemagglutinin were thought to be positively selected for their ability to reduce antibody binding and therefore were thought to be responsible for driving antigenic drift. However, a recent hypothesis put forward by Hensley and co-w ...
Publication
... for Vaccines (ISV). The ISV is an esteemed organization dedicated to the development, advancement and use of vaccines to prevent and control disease. ISV Fellows represent a distinguished pool of scientists, doctors and professionals that have contributed significantly to this field. Past ISV Fellow ...
... for Vaccines (ISV). The ISV is an esteemed organization dedicated to the development, advancement and use of vaccines to prevent and control disease. ISV Fellows represent a distinguished pool of scientists, doctors and professionals that have contributed significantly to this field. Past ISV Fellow ...
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as ""the flu"", is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. In children there may be nausea and vomiting but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as ""stomach flu"" or ""24-hour flu"". Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.Three types of influenza affect people. Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes. A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are sick. The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection if the results are negative. A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus is inactivated by soap. Wearing a surgical mask is also useful. Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization for those at high risk. The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza. It is usually well tolerated. A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir among others have been used to treat influenza. Their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks. No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems. Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1958, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968, each resulting in more than a million deaths. The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009. Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.