neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... known rewards, whereas pleasure is the passive experience that derives from a received or anticipated reward. Desire has multiple relations to pleasure; it may be pleasant in itself (I feel a pleasant desire), and it may lead to pleasure (I desire to obtain a pleasant object). Thus pleasure and desi ...
... known rewards, whereas pleasure is the passive experience that derives from a received or anticipated reward. Desire has multiple relations to pleasure; it may be pleasant in itself (I feel a pleasant desire), and it may lead to pleasure (I desire to obtain a pleasant object). Thus pleasure and desi ...
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... improving survival in experimental sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other conditions of cytokine excess [2]. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other chemical mediators produced in the immu ...
... improving survival in experimental sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other conditions of cytokine excess [2]. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other chemical mediators produced in the immu ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... Thirty-six adult male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (300350 g) were used for tracer injections. Each animal was anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (viv; 1 mlikg body weight) and received a single injection of a 2.5% solution of PHAL (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CAI, prepared in 0 ...
... Thirty-six adult male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (300350 g) were used for tracer injections. Each animal was anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (viv; 1 mlikg body weight) and received a single injection of a 2.5% solution of PHAL (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CAI, prepared in 0 ...
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Following Delay
... expression were positively correlated with activity in the amygdala and ACC. The relationship between fear expression and ACC activity existed despite the fact that participants showed a similar level of contingency knowledge as measured with UCS expectancy. This study supports the idea that ACC act ...
... expression were positively correlated with activity in the amygdala and ACC. The relationship between fear expression and ACC activity existed despite the fact that participants showed a similar level of contingency knowledge as measured with UCS expectancy. This study supports the idea that ACC act ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... yielded retrograde-labeled cells in the ventral CA1 (de Olmos et al., 1978), although authors were unsure of this projection due to the large sizes of their injections. The reason could be methodological and/or due to species differences. Sensitive retrograde tracers such as FG gave rise to retrogra ...
... yielded retrograde-labeled cells in the ventral CA1 (de Olmos et al., 1978), although authors were unsure of this projection due to the large sizes of their injections. The reason could be methodological and/or due to species differences. Sensitive retrograde tracers such as FG gave rise to retrogra ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... directly to the cortex and is not initially relayed to the thalamus. Lastly, cortical olfactory areas are phylogenetically older than other sensory cortical areas. This implies both an anatomical and functional proximity to the limbic system that is much closer than other sensory modalities.” (Brewe ...
... directly to the cortex and is not initially relayed to the thalamus. Lastly, cortical olfactory areas are phylogenetically older than other sensory cortical areas. This implies both an anatomical and functional proximity to the limbic system that is much closer than other sensory modalities.” (Brewe ...
8 Attachment Trauma and the Developing Right Brain
... primary pathophysiological mechanism of dissociative symptoms is an attentional dysfunction that results from an increase in the corticofugal inhibition of afferent stimulation. This inhibition impairs the processing of essential information, which subsequently fails to be integrated into awareness, ...
... primary pathophysiological mechanism of dissociative symptoms is an attentional dysfunction that results from an increase in the corticofugal inhibition of afferent stimulation. This inhibition impairs the processing of essential information, which subsequently fails to be integrated into awareness, ...
Eyeblink Conditioning During an Interstimulus Interval Switch in
... extensively in an effort to delineate the neural mechanisms that underlie learning and memory in eyeblink conditioning. Significant progress has been made in that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus has been identified as the critical locus for all forms of eyeblink conditioning, but the function of ...
... extensively in an effort to delineate the neural mechanisms that underlie learning and memory in eyeblink conditioning. Significant progress has been made in that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus has been identified as the critical locus for all forms of eyeblink conditioning, but the function of ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... specific patterns of corticofugal control. Finally, these results will serve as a framework to compare the auditory corticogeniculate projection with the parallel input to the inferior colliculus (Winer et al., 1998) and other midbrain targets (Beneyto et al., 1998); such data will be useful in deri ...
... specific patterns of corticofugal control. Finally, these results will serve as a framework to compare the auditory corticogeniculate projection with the parallel input to the inferior colliculus (Winer et al., 1998) and other midbrain targets (Beneyto et al., 1998); such data will be useful in deri ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... behavior. The ventral striatum has been hypothesized to represent potential actions within the behavioral repertoire (Liljeholm and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovia ...
... behavior. The ventral striatum has been hypothesized to represent potential actions within the behavioral repertoire (Liljeholm and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovia ...
Supplementary Information (doc 1146K)
... functional scans of the others suffered from technical issues), yielding 14 GSAD patients. Secondary comorbid diagnoses in participants with GSAD consisted of current generalized anxiety disorder (N=3), past major depression (N=6), and past alcohol abuse (N=1). Six GSAD subjects had taken medication ...
... functional scans of the others suffered from technical issues), yielding 14 GSAD patients. Secondary comorbid diagnoses in participants with GSAD consisted of current generalized anxiety disorder (N=3), past major depression (N=6), and past alcohol abuse (N=1). Six GSAD subjects had taken medication ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... injected into the lateral wing subdivision (Fig. 1C, R106; Fig. 1D, R127) at intermediate levels of the DR. Individual cases representing midline (Fig. 2A, R119) or lateral wing (Fig. 2B, R127) injections are depicted to show the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells along the rostrocaudal exte ...
... injected into the lateral wing subdivision (Fig. 1C, R106; Fig. 1D, R127) at intermediate levels of the DR. Individual cases representing midline (Fig. 2A, R119) or lateral wing (Fig. 2B, R127) injections are depicted to show the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells along the rostrocaudal exte ...
olfaction
... Lateral olfactory tract projects directly to the piriform cortex (= primary olfactory cortex = paleocortex) adjacent to lateral olfactory tract in temporal lobe. This is only sense that does not have relay in thalamus on way from receptors to cerebral cortex. From piriform cortex there are projectio ...
... Lateral olfactory tract projects directly to the piriform cortex (= primary olfactory cortex = paleocortex) adjacent to lateral olfactory tract in temporal lobe. This is only sense that does not have relay in thalamus on way from receptors to cerebral cortex. From piriform cortex there are projectio ...
ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... avoidance models have utilized discrete stimulus cues to represent oncoming noxious stimuli (threat) and/or periods when aversive stimuli are never present (i.e., safety). Individuals with anxiety disorders commonly do not react to signals associated with safety in the same manner as controls (Rachm ...
... avoidance models have utilized discrete stimulus cues to represent oncoming noxious stimuli (threat) and/or periods when aversive stimuli are never present (i.e., safety). Individuals with anxiety disorders commonly do not react to signals associated with safety in the same manner as controls (Rachm ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... superior colliculus SC, intermediate and superficial layers septofimbrial nucleus septohippocampal nucleus ...
... superior colliculus SC, intermediate and superficial layers septofimbrial nucleus septohippocampal nucleus ...
Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus others
... that both conditions commonly activated the medial PFC and the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Takahashi et al., 2004). In parallel to these studies of emotion, social cognition research has uncovered the neural systems associated with empathy or adopting the thoughts, feelings, and emotions of ...
... that both conditions commonly activated the medial PFC and the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Takahashi et al., 2004). In parallel to these studies of emotion, social cognition research has uncovered the neural systems associated with empathy or adopting the thoughts, feelings, and emotions of ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... were bidding would receive any DVD purchased plus any remaining cash from the $10. Note that since only one trial was selected to count, the subjects did not have to worry about spreading the $10 dollars across the different films and could treat every decision as if it were the only one. No decepti ...
... were bidding would receive any DVD purchased plus any remaining cash from the $10. Note that since only one trial was selected to count, the subjects did not have to worry about spreading the $10 dollars across the different films and could treat every decision as if it were the only one. No decepti ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... The inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) intercepts and modulates all corticothalamic and thalamocortical communications. Previous studies showed that projections from sensory and motor cortices originate in layer VI and terminate as small boutons in central and caudal TRN. Here we show that ...
... The inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) intercepts and modulates all corticothalamic and thalamocortical communications. Previous studies showed that projections from sensory and motor cortices originate in layer VI and terminate as small boutons in central and caudal TRN. Here we show that ...
Background - Harvard University
... neural mechanisms in animals. An issue with vegetative rewards is the precise definition of the rewarding effect. Is it the seeing of an apple, its taste on the tongue, the swallowing of a bite of it, the feeling of its going down the throat, or the rise in blood sugar subsequent to its digestion th ...
... neural mechanisms in animals. An issue with vegetative rewards is the precise definition of the rewarding effect. Is it the seeing of an apple, its taste on the tongue, the swallowing of a bite of it, the feeling of its going down the throat, or the rise in blood sugar subsequent to its digestion th ...
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... are expressed at higher levels in the core than in the surrounding belt areas (Wallace et al., 1991; Morel et al., 1993; Jones et al., 1995; Hutsler and Gazzaniga, 1996; Rivier and Clarke, 1997; Hackett et al., 1998a; Clarke and Rivier,1998). Cytochrome oxidase, involved in the oxidative metabolism ...
... are expressed at higher levels in the core than in the surrounding belt areas (Wallace et al., 1991; Morel et al., 1993; Jones et al., 1995; Hutsler and Gazzaniga, 1996; Rivier and Clarke, 1997; Hackett et al., 1998a; Clarke and Rivier,1998). Cytochrome oxidase, involved in the oxidative metabolism ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... error prediction signal that varies linearly with reward probability and a sustained signal that varies highly non-linearly with reward probability and that is highest with maximal reward uncertainty (reward probability 5 0.5). Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we dise ...
... error prediction signal that varies linearly with reward probability and a sustained signal that varies highly non-linearly with reward probability and that is highest with maximal reward uncertainty (reward probability 5 0.5). Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we dise ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... functional interaction between the CeN and BLA. In particular, it must be considered that these nuclear domains of the amygdala and their associated cortical and subcortical circuitries subserve distinct aspects of emotional processing and do so in a way that does not conform to the prevailing, late ...
... functional interaction between the CeN and BLA. In particular, it must be considered that these nuclear domains of the amygdala and their associated cortical and subcortical circuitries subserve distinct aspects of emotional processing and do so in a way that does not conform to the prevailing, late ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... synapses were on spines in both layers, which are found on dendrites of excitatory neurons. The less prevalent synapses on smooth dendrites, characteristic of inhibitory interneurons, were more common in the middle cortical layers than in layer I. Bouton volume was linearly related to vesicular and ...
... synapses were on spines in both layers, which are found on dendrites of excitatory neurons. The less prevalent synapses on smooth dendrites, characteristic of inhibitory interneurons, were more common in the middle cortical layers than in layer I. Bouton volume was linearly related to vesicular and ...
Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross
... loss must be viewed in terms of reward relativity. According to this notion, organisms make decisions and adjust their behavior toward one incentive as a function of their experience with different rewards. For instance, the emotional impact of rejection by a romantic partner can be best understood ...
... loss must be viewed in terms of reward relativity. According to this notion, organisms make decisions and adjust their behavior toward one incentive as a function of their experience with different rewards. For instance, the emotional impact of rejection by a romantic partner can be best understood ...
Morphine effects on monetary reward - DUO
... A number of cortical and subcortical brain regions have been implicated in reward processes (see Figure 1). An influential early contribution to the field of affective neuroscience came from electrophysiology studies in the 1950s. Using intracranial electrodes, Olds and Milner (1954) found evidence ...
... A number of cortical and subcortical brain regions have been implicated in reward processes (see Figure 1). An influential early contribution to the field of affective neuroscience came from electrophysiology studies in the 1950s. Using intracranial electrodes, Olds and Milner (1954) found evidence ...
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making. In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47The OFC is considered anatomically synonymous with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Therefore the region is distinguished due to the distinct neural connections and the distinct functions it performs. It is defined as the part of the prefrontal cortex that receives projections from the magnocellular, medial nucleus of the mediodorsal thalamus, and is thought to represent emotion and reward in decision making. It gets its name from its position immediately above the orbits in which the eyes are located. Considerable individual variability has been found in the OFC of both humans and non-human primates. A related area is found in rodents.